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Biomedical subjects

J Nadel

Publications and source records attributed to J Nadel.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Children with autism display more social behaviors after repeated imitation sessions.

Based on earlier studies, an adult's imitations of the behaviors of children with autism lead to increased social behavior in the children. The present study explored the effects of repeated sessions of imitation. Twenty children were recruited from a school for children with autism to attend three sessions during which an adult either imitated all of the children's behaviors or simply played with the child. During the second session the children in the imitation group spent a greater proportion of time showing distal social behaviors toward the adult including: (1) looking; (2) vocalizing; (3) smiling; and (4) engaging in reciprocal play. During the third session, the children in the imitation group spent a greater proportion of time showing proximal social behaviors toward the adult including: (1) being close to the adult; (2) sitting next to the adult; and (3) touching the adult. These data suggest the potential usefulness of adult imitative behavior as an early intervention.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

Mucin gene (MUC 2 and MUC 5AC) upregulation by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Bacterial infection of the lung is associated with mucin overproduction. In partial explanation of this phenomenon, we recently reported that supernatant from the Gram-negative organism Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa contained an activity that upregulated transcription of the MUC 2 mucin gene [J.-D. Li, A. Dohrman, M. Gallup, S. Miyata, J. Gum, Y. Kim, J. Nadel, A. Prince, C. Basbaum, Transcriptional activation of mucin by P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94 (1997) 967-972]. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether mucin genes other than MUC 2 are so regulated and whether Gram-positive organisms also contain mucin stimulatory activity. Results from in situ hybridization and RNase protection assays showed that P. aeruginosa upregulates MUC 5AC as well as MUC 2 in both bronchial explants and cultured airway epithelial cells. The upregulation of both genes by P. aeruginosa can be mimicked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and can be blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. In addition, both genes are upregulated by a variety of Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative organisms showing the same rank order of potency. These data indicate the existence of a general mechanism by which epithelial cells respond to the presence of bacteria by increasing mucin synthesis.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1995

Facial responsiveness to odours in normal and pervasively developmentally disordered children.

The facial responsiveness of 10 mutic children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and 10 normal (N) children matched for sex and chronological age were covertly videotaped while presented with a set of odours contrasted in hedonic valence. Hedonic ratings of the stimuli were obtained both from the group of N subjects and a panel of adults. Two methods were used to measure facial responses in the same subjects. The first method consisted in an analysis of facial movements with the Facial Action Coding System. Results show that PDD and N subjects displayed distinct action units in response to unpleasant odours. PDD subjects typically displayed muscular actions indexing negative experience, while N subjects showed more smiles. With the second method, odour-elicited facial behaviour was rated by a panel of observers, who were asked to judge whether the subjects were exposed a pleasant, neutral or unpleasant smell. The facial responses to unpleasant odours were classified more accurately in PDD than in N subjects. These findings suggest a functional ability to sense the hedonics attached to odours, but a deficit of socialization of hedonic facial displays in developmentally disordered subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Human respiratory mucus.

Respiratory mucous glycoproteins may serve a number of protective functions for the airways; however, excessive secretions contribute to the morbidity of a variety of diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. Respiratory secretions are a mixture of cells, fluid, transudated and locally produced proteins, and mucous glycoproteins. The mucous glycoproteins give these secretions their characteristic viscosity and elasticity. While the physiologic control of mucous glycoprotein secretion is not completely understood, cholinergic, alpha-adrenergic, and beta-adrenergic stimuli may all contribute. Respiratory mucus hypersecretion seen in immediate hypersensitivity or inflammatory states may be due to reflex hypersecretion, to a variety of mediators (including histamine and cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathway metabolites of arachidonic acid), or to substances released from phagocytic cells (such as macrophages, monocytes, or neutrophils). The limited number of specific approaches currently available for treating respiratory mucus hypersecretion include therapy of any underlying or intercurrent disease, improving clearance of secretions, and reducing mucus secretion with the use of glucocorticosteroids or anticholinergic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

[Not Available].

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Demography↗