Circulatory responses to laryngoscopy: the comparative effects of placebo, fentanyl and esmolol.
The circulatory response to a 30-second laryngoscopy followed by orotracheal intubation was recorded in 60 patients of ASA physical status III or IV undergoing a variety of non-cardiac surgical procedures. Patients were randomly allocated to either the placebo, esmolol (500 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 X 6 minutes, followed by 300 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 X 9 minutes), or fentanyl (0.8 microgram.kg-1.min-1 X 10 minutes) group, and the observer was blinded to the infusion administered. Esmolol blunted the heart rate (HR) response, while fentanyl decreased it below the baseline and maintained it there, in spite of laryngoscopy. Similarly, fentanyl decreased the systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) significantly below the baseline, while these pressures were either retained at or elevated slightly above control in the esmolol group. In these doses, the HR response to laryngoscopy was more effectively blocked by fentanyl, while esmolol better retained perfusion pressure. There were no complications or ischaemic electrocardiographic changes in any patient.