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Biomedical subjects

J P Strong

Publications and source records attributed to J P Strong.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study).

Race and sex differences in aorta and coronary atherosclerotic lesions were studied in 150 persons aged 6 to 30 years. The intimal surface involvement with aorta fatty streaks was extensive, 0 to 71%, and greater in blacks than in whites (32 vs 20%, p less than 0.001). Coronary artery fatty streaks were more extensive in male than in female subjects (range 0 to 22%). Fibrous plaque lesions were present but not extensive in either the aorta (0 to 12%) or the coronary artery (0 to 24%) specimens. Lesions were more prevalent in male than in female persons, particularly white male subjects. The relation of fatty streaks to fibrous plaques was greater in the coronary vessels than in the aorta. In male subjects, aorta fatty streaks were strongly related to antemortem levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ponderal index in white male subjects. Coronary artery fatty streaks in white male persons were significantly associated with serum triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and ponderal index. These results link antemortem risk factors to the development of atherosclerotic lesions and emphasize the need for preventive cardiology in early life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Early lesions of atherosclerosis in childhood and youth: natural history and risk factors.

This paper traces the development of knowledge concerning early lesions of atherosclerosis and the relationship to risk factors in children, youth, and young adults. Autopsy studies have shown that atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the appearance of aortic fatty streaks. Aortic fatty streaks of some degree are present in practically all individuals from every human population. Coronary fatty streaks begin to form in adolescence. Most persons 20-29 years of age have coronary fatty streaks of some degree, regardless of sex, race, or national origin. While fatty streaking is clinically harmless and potentially reversible, progression to fibrous plaques and more advanced lesions often leads to a critical stage of atherosclerosis in which clinical disease develops. Development of fibrous plaques begins in the 20s. The most recent studies of atherosclerosis in youth and young adults provide additional details to establish the relationship of these lesions to serum lipids and lipoproteins and other identified risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in adults. One report shows that microscopic counterparts of fatty streaks occur in the left anterior descending coronary artery in the majority of children 10-14 years of age. Over 5% have more advanced microscopic lesions at this age. Autopsy studies of youth have shown that serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are strongly related to aortic fatty streaks and the very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are positively correlated to coronary artery fatty streaks. Finally, a definitive report indicates that serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and smoking are important determinants of the early stages of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Serum total bile acid concentration in rhesus monkeys: effects of feeding cholesterol and inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis.

The serum total bile acid concentration was measured in rhesus monkeys fed diets practically free of cholesterol and with added cholesterol at two levels. Also, the effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption by feeding plant sterols and inhibiting cholesterol synthesis by feeding triparanol upon the serum total bile acid levels were studied. Cholesterol feeding significantly increased the serum bile acid concentration. The serum bile acid level was decreased in the high responders fed plant sterols but only when the diet contained the highest level of cholesterol. In both groups serum bile acid levels were not altered when cholesterol biosynthesis was inhibited by feeding triparanol. It is suggested that cholesterol feeding increases the serum bile acid level probably due to an increase in the intestinal pool of bile acids as a result of increased production of bile acids in the liver and their excretion into the bile.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Apo B insertion/deletion polymorphisms are associated with atherosclerosis in young black but not young white males. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group.

Investigators in eight communities collected aortas, right coronary arteries, blood and liver samples, and associated information from 872 young males, aged 15-34 years, who died of external causes. Pathologists graded the arteries for atherosclerotic lesions, and a central laboratory measured lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Apolipoprotein (apo) B sequences were amplified in hepatic DNA samples to determine genotypes for length polymorphisms in the signal peptide of apo B. In addition to the insertion (ins) allele (27-amino acid signal peptide) and the deletion (del) allele (24 amino acids), we detected a rare allele (ins*) in whites with an in-frame insertion of two Leu codons in a region that normally contains six Leu codons. The frequency for the apo B del allele was lower in blacks than in whites (p less than 0.0001). In blacks, homozygotes for the ins allele had the lowest levels of serum cholesterol and very low plus low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL + LDL-C), homozygotes for the del allele had the highest levels, and heterozygotes had intermediate levels (p = 0.0509 for cholesterol, p = 0.0530 for VLDL + LDL-C), but no differences were found in whites. In blacks, homozygotes for the ins allele had the least involvement of the thoracic and the abdominal aorta with lesions, homozygotes for the del allele had the greatest involvement, and heterozygotes had intermediate involvement (p = 0.0328 for thoracic aorta, p = 0.0104 for abdominal aorta), but no differences were found in whites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Atherosclerotic lesions. Natural history, risk factors, and topography.

This article describes the development of human atherosclerosis as a framework on which to integrate and incorporate the research on thrombosis and hemostasis of participants in the 1992 College of American Pathologists Conference XXII on Hemostasis and Atherosclerotic Disease. Included are the early classic studies of the morphological features of atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis in different populations, the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions among arterial segments, the topography of atherosclerotic lesions within arterial segments, and the relationship of risk factors for coronary heart disease to the arterial lesions of atherosclerosis. Special attention is given to the development of atherosclerosis in young people, including findings from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study. The data in this review provide confirmation of the development of atherosclerosis at an early age and relate atherosclerotic lesions to certain coronary heart disease risk factors. Any role of thrombosis or hemostasis in atherosclerosis must be integrated into this framework.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and compositions upon feeding cholesterol in high- and low-responding rhesus monkeys.

When fed cholesterol, the high-responding rhesus monkeys develop severe hypercholesterolemia, whereas low-responding rhesus monkeys show only slight increases in plasma cholesterol levels. We report changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and compositions along with changes in plasma lipid concentrations in high- and low-responding rhesus monkeys fed a high-cholesterol diet. On low-cholesterol diet, the concentrations and compositions of plasma lipoprotein fractions were similar in the two groups. Upon feeding cholesterol, plasma very-low-density (VLDL), intermediate-density (IDL) and low-density (LDL)-lipoprotein concentrations increased in both groups, but the increases were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in high-responders than in low-responders. Plasma HDL concentration decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) in high responders but not in low responders. In high responders, percent cholesterol increased in both VLDL and IDL fractions but in low responders, it decreased in VLDL and increased in IDL. Percent triglycerides decreased in VLDL, IDL and LDL fractions in high responders, while in low responders it tended to increase in VLDL, remained unchanged in IDL and decreased in LDL. The composition of HDL did not change in the two groups upon feeding cholesterol. Thus, when fed cholesterol, the high- and the low-responding monkeys respond distinctly differently in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and compositions. The responses occurred simultaneously, suggesting metabolic interrelationships between various lipoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Variations with age and serum cholesterol level in the topographic distribution of macroscopic aortic atherosclerotic lesions as assessed by image analysis methods.

The topographic distribution of macroscopic atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta was studied by image analysis of aortas taken at autopsy from 155 males aged 10 to 54 yr. In both the thoracic and abdominal aorta, fatty streaks (FS) appear before raised lesions (RL) affecting preferential areas located longitudinally along the intercostal ostia, at the aorta bifurcation, and surrounding the points of origin of branches of the abdominal aorta. Later RL appear in the same areas of the aortic intima affected by FS at younger ages. As for the effect of serum total cholesterol (TC) in the progression of atherosclerosis, the prevalent involvement areas by FS and RL were similarly distributed as indicated by our analyses. However, areas showing frequent occurrence of FS and RL in each aortic segment were distributed more extensively at identical areas in the higher serum TC groups than in the lower TC level group. Thus, it can be concluded that FS are the precursor lesions of RL in the aorta and that the serum TC promotes the progression of atherosclerosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Differences in fecal excretion of cholesterol and bacterial degradation products in high- and low-responding rhesus monkeys: implications in colon cancer.

This paper reports the differences in the fecal excretion of cholesterol and its degradation products in high- and low-responding rhesus monkeys fed diets with and without extra cholesterol. The high-responding monkeys had a great increase in plasma cholesterol concentration when fed a high-cholesterol diet, whereas the low-responders had a small increase when fed the same diet. The results show that low-responding monkeys, when fed high-cholesterol diets, excrete nearly two to three times the amount of cholesterol and its bacterial degradation products in the feces than the high-responding monkeys. We suggest that these two select groups of monkeys may be useful models for the study of the role cholesterol and its bacterial degradation products play in colon cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in humans: differences between subcutaneous sites.

We compared the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from three different sites, one deep-seated site (perirenal) and two subcutaneous sites (abdominal and buttock), in 143 autopsied adult humans aged 24-61 y. The proportion of saturated fatty acids was highest in the perirenal adipose tissue and lowest in buttock adipose tissue. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids in the three sites were in the reverse order. Linoleic and linolenic acids were similar in the three adipose-tissue sites, an important finding for those concerned about the essential fatty acids, which are solely derived from the diet. The results clearly show that the fatty acid composition of the two subcutaneous fat depots differ significantly. We conclude that abdominal fat is more saturated than buttock fat.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Is atherosclerosis increasing in Mexico City?

This report compares quantitative measures of atherosclerosis in aortas and coronaries from autopsies of deceased men from Mexico City collected during 1960 to 1964 and 1986 to 1987. The comparison of lesions in two different time periods provides an opportunity for determining whether the extent of atherosclerosis has changed over time in Mexico City. Three pathologists independently evaluated the extent of fatty streaks (FS), fibrous plaques (FP), calcified plaques (CA), and complicated lesions (CO) in 165 aortas and 120 sets of coronary arteries collected during 1986 to 1987 for comparison with similar gradings of 128 aortas and coronary arteries from the International Atherosclerosis Project in 1960 to 1964. Neither FS nor more advanced lesions differed significantly in either the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta between the two collection periods. In contrast, there were more extensive FP and raised atherosclerotic lesions (RL = FP + CA + CO) in the coronary artery segments evaluated in the younger age groups in 1986 to 1987 versus 1960 to 1964. Additional analyses, based on 75 pairs of aortas and 32 pairs of coronary arteries from age-matched cases, all regraded by the team of pathologists after blind coding, showed more FS in both aortic segments and more extensive involvement with RL in the three main branches of the coronary arteries in the more recent study. An overview of our findings suggests that atherosclerosis, particularly in the coronary arteries, is increasing in Mexico City. This hypothesis merits careful testing in parallel with consideration of possible changes in the risk factors that could be responsible for changes in extent of lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Black-white differences in aortic fatty streaks in adolescence and early adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Although white adults have more extensive aortic surface involvement with fibrous plaques than do blacks, adolescent blacks have more aortic fatty streaks (FS) than do whites of similar ages. Possible determinants of these racial differences in aortic surface involvement with FS were therefore examined in 44 decedents who had previously been examined as part of the Bogalusa Heart Study. Ages at death ranged from 6 to 27 years (mean, 18 years); the median interval between the last risk factor examination and death was 3.5 years. More extensive aortic surface involvement with FS was observed in blacks (n = 11) as compared with whites (n = 33; 37% vs 16%, p = .0003). This racial difference was independent of age at death, and was seen in both male and female subjects. Black-white differences in several of the previously measured risk factors (serum lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, and obesity) were also observed, and in both races, aortic FS were related to several of these characteristics. (For example, the correlation between levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and aortic FS was 0.49 in whites and 0.73 in blacks.) However, even after controlling for antemortem levels of risk factors, blacks had an additional 16% surface involvement with aortic FS as compared with whites (p less than .001). These findings suggest that the more extensive surface involvement of the aorta with FS in young blacks is not due to differences in clinical risk factors. Because more extensive raised lesions are found in white adults, the transition of FS to advanced atherosclerotic lesions may differ in whites and blacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Blood pressure, nephrosclerosis, and age autopsy findings from the Honolulu Heart Program.

The aspect of nephrosclerosis reflected by fibrous intimal thickening of small arteries (arteriosclerosis) was measured by a newly introduced morphometric procedure in 154 autopsies of Japanese-American men in Honolulu. These men were subjects of the Honolulu Heart Program and had previously been assessed for blood pressure and other clinical characteristics in a prospective study. In periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained sections of renal cortex, measurements were made of interlobular artery diameters and intimal thicknesses. Vessels of outer diameter 80 to 130 microns and 160 to 300 microns were examined separately and are called the "remote" and "close" levels of the interlobular arteries, respectively, defined in relation to the heart. Nephrosclerosis thus quantified, together with age, could be used to predict the levels of blood pressure (BP) to be found in retrospective review of past records. The mathematical function obtained in a former study to make these predictions was found to predict the observed levels of blood pressure to an acceptable degree in the groupings that involved 92% of the subjects. Verification of that formerly obtained predictive function is now claimed. Correlation coefficients relating BP to close and remote measures were about of equal magnitude (r = 0.34 and 0.40, respectively). Subjects with cardiovascular-renal causes of death differed in both nephrosclerosis and blood pressure from subjects whose cause of death was unrelated to cardiovascular-renal diseases; the two factors taken together each contributed significantly to the cause of death difference. Correlations between nephrosclerosis and aortic atherosclerosis were stronger than could be explained solely by a linkage to observed values of blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in postmortem serum.

In order to correlate lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles with atherosclerotic lesions at autopsy, the feasibility of using postmortem serum in these determinations was evaluated. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles in dogs and monkeys were compared in pre- and postmortem serum samples, and it was found that, up to 24 h postmortem, no appreciable differences were observed in apolipoprotein A-I, B, E, and A-IV serum concentration when compared to premortem values. Electrophoretic mobilities and apolipoprotein gradient gel immunoblotting also revealed no differences in apolipoprotein size distribution. We conclude that postmortem sampling up to 24 h can be used effectively to approximate premortem lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles provided that careful sampling techniques are observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Secular trends in atherosclerotic lesions: comparison of two studies of autopsied men conducted in different time periods.

The extent and prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and aortas of deceased 25 to 44-yr-old men, autopsied in New Orleans during two different time periods (1960-64 and 1969-78), were evaluated to determine if changes in lesions had occurred in parallel with reported decreases in coronary heart disease death rates. Results of these evaluations showed that both the extent and prevalence of raised atherosclerotic lesions were significantly less in the coronary arteries of white men in the second time period. No significant difference was detected in black men. In the aorta there were no significant differences between studies in whites, but in blacks, there were significantly more extensive raised lesions in the second time period. These findings strongly suggest that the extent of involvement with atherosclerotic lesions in a given population may change over time. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these secular trends in atherosclerosis merit additional study.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Natural history of aortic and coronary atherosclerosis in Tokyo.

The natural history of atherosclerosis in Tokyo was explored in 1,206 unselected consecutive hospital and forensic medicine autopsies performed on deceased persons of both sexes aged 0 to 89 yr. The extent of intimal atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and coronary arteries was estimated visually after staining with Sudan IV and recorded as the percentage of intima with fatty streaks (FS) and raised lesions (RL). The extent of atherosclerosis by sex and age was compared in two sources of subjects and various broad disease categories associated with the terminal event causing death. Comparisons of hospital cases with forensic medicine cases, by sex, over five arterial segments and nine 10-yr age groups, did not show significant differences in the extent of atherosclerosis between the two sources of cases. However, RL at all age groups over 40 yr in general showed a tendency to be slightly more extensive in the hospital cases. As is commonly reported for certain other population groups, our results showed more extensive atherosclerosis in Japanese men than in Japanese women. The comparisons of the extent of atherosclerosis among five broad disease categories causing death--coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), cases with evidence of both CHD and CVD (OVL), cases with CHD-related diseases such as diabetes and hypertension (CHD-rel), and all other diseases, accidents, homicides, and suicides (Basal)--showed more extensive atherosclerosis among CHD and OVL cases when compared with the basal group as control reference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Differences in adipose tissue fatty acid composition between black and white men in New Orleans.

We report fatty acid composition in perirenal and buttock adipose tissue in 714 deceased black and white men aged 25-44 yr in New Orleans. Percent saturated fatty acids were higher (p less than 0.001) whereas percent monounsaturated fatty acids were lower (p less than 0.001) in perirenal than in buttock fat. Percent linoleic acid was similar in both races. We conclude that dietary intake of linoleic acid is similar in both races. The trend of decreasing linoleic acid with advancing age suggests that either intake of linoleic acid progressively decreases or its mobilization rate increasingly exceeds deposition rate or both. Percent palmitoleic acid (16:1) is lower (p less than 0.001) and that of stearic acid (18:0) is higher (p less than 0.001) in blacks than in whites. We believe no explanation can rest solely on differences in habitual dietary fat intake.

Adipose Tissue↗