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Biomedical subjects

J P Tyler

Publications and source records attributed to J P Tyler.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Hyperspermia: the forgotten condition?

The seminal volumes of 4223 men with known periods of abstinence of ejaculation, complete collections and with no dysfunction known to affect production of accessory gland secretions have been examined to define a minimum value for hyperspermia. The 95th percentile of the skewed data distribution was 6.3 ml and of the 229 men with values equal to or greater than this, 113 (49.3%) had sperm concentrations below the World Health Organization accepted minimum 'normal' value of 20 x 10(6)/ml. Basic seminal parameters should not be forgotten when assessing infertile men.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Chlamydia trachomatis: the prevalence, trend and importance in initial infertility management.

One thousand and five women, and 354 of their partners, attending an infertility clinic have been assessed for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in their serum. The overall prevalence in women was 12.4% (125/1,005) but appeared to have increased over a 2-year period. A similar trend was not apparent for men and the prevalence was only 4.2% (15/354). Of the 125 seropositive women 81 had their pelvis examined for the first time by laparoscopy. Fifty seven had tubal disease of varying severity, but only 16 had had an ectopic pregnancy or admitted to a previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease or nonspecific urethritis. These findings suggest that laboratory testing for chlamydial antibodies should be routine in the initial investigation of an infertile couple and that early laparoscopy is indicated in seropositive women.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

Cervical carcinoma: a comparison of four potential biochemical tumor markers.

A longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes (CIC), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a sub-fraction of the TA-4 squamous cell carcinoma tumor-associated antigen (SCC) has been undertaken in 38 patients with cervical carcinoma. Pre- and post-treatment values have been compared with those obtained in well-defined clinical remission and relapse phases of their disease. Each tumor marker was assessed in terms of "lead time" before clinically obvious recurrent disease became evident. The data from the four subjects with adenocarcinoma of the cervix gave equivocal results and no firm conclusions could be drawn. However, for the 34 patients with squamous cell carcinoma the medium value (data was skewed) for SCC was elevated above normal in the presenting pretreatment sera (4.5 ng/ml) and significantly fell to 2.5 ng/ml post-treatment (P less than 0.01). A similar pattern was not apparent for CIC, CEA, or CA125 data. When results were examined for an individual patient, of those with recurrent squamous cell lesions who died, 12/24 demonstrated elevated, and rising SCC values before clinical evidence of the disease and a further 6 (25%) at the time recurrence was clinically evident. This information gave lead times of between 2 and 52 months (median 13 months) for 75% of patients. Only 1 subject had values which remained in the normal range (less than 2 ng/ml) even though their disease was progressive. Similarly of the subjects still in clinical remission 8/9 had values within the normal range. The data for CIC, CA125, and CEA were not individually useful as a marker. Furthermore, combining the data from all analytes to give a panel of potential markers did not improve the prognosis already evident with SCC alone. It has therefore been concluded that SCC is a useful biochemical marker of the progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Chorioamnionitis: how useful is the determination of C-reactive protein?

This study was designed to derive the predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral venous serum of patients admitted to hospital with suspected premature rupture of the membranes (PROM). CRP was assayed by each of 4 separate methods and the results have been compared for accuracy and practical value with respect to clinical outcome and the histopathology of the placenta. Of the 4 techniques used only the latex test had characteristics suitable for a diagnostic screen. While the results were only semiquantitative, when comparisons were made to other techniques no significant change in clinical diagnosis would have been made. The results have confirmed that chorioamnionitis and preterm labour are often associated, but in some instances the extent of inflammatory infiltration was greater than might have been expected from the short time interval between documented membrane rupture and delivery. Thus it may be speculated that some cases of PROM are secondary to, rather than causative of, infection. Finally it is suggested that a controlled therapeutic trial of active intervention in those cases of PROM with elevated CRP in the absence of other clinical parameters suggestive of intrauterine infection should be undertaken.

C-Reactive Protein↗
PubMed1987

SCC tumour marker and its relationship to clinical stage in squamous cervical cancer.

Serum from 103 patients with histologically proven squamous cell cervical carcinoma were analysed for the presence of tumour marker, SCC antigen. Although values ranged between 0.2-109.7 ng/ml the majority of cases (75%) fell below 7.9 ng/ml. There was no relationship between SCC antigen values and clinical stage. The high false negative rate (29%) of this marker in patients with proven disease would preclude its use as a diagnostic screen.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1987

Whither cytosolic estrogen receptor assays? A comparison of commercially available kits for estrogen receptor assay.

Frozen tissue sections and cytosols from 89 specimens of breast and ovarian tumours have been assayed for the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) or related protein using four commercially available monoclonal antibody methods. These were estrogen receptor enzyme immunoassay (ER-EIA), estrogen receptor enzyme immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA), ER D5 antigen immunoradiometric assay and ER D5 antigen immunocytochemical assay. The results have been compared with those obtained using a standard dextran coated charcoal steroid binding assay (ER-DCC). The correlation coefficient (r) between ER-DCC and ER-EIA results was 0.72 while that of both monoclonal antibody cytosol methods and their respective immunocytochemical assays was 0.66. ER-ICA gave additional valuable information concerning receptor heterogeneity in breast cancer sections. However, the correlation between ER D5 antigen assays and both ER-DCC and ER-EIA was weak (r less than 0.4). We conclude that there are a number of methodological advantages in using the kit systems including their ability to detect receptor presence in small tumour specimens (e.g., "Tru-cut" biopsies) but that their usefulness is limited by the current lack of widely available monoclonal based methods for the concurrent determination of progestogen receptor. We believe that, once these are available, immunocytochemical technology could offer an alternative method of determining the steroid receptor concentration in both ovarian and breast tumours, thus obviating the need for costly and time-consuming cytosolic methods, with their inherent difficulties of quality control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

LH 'dipstick' quantitation by reflectance meter.

The introduction of rapid semiquantitative methods using monoclonal antibodies to measure urinary LH has application to the management of the infertile couple. The interpretation of the colour change end-point has however been subjective and thus liable to misinterpretation with resultant problems in clinical management. This short communication describes the use of a modified reflectance meter to overcome these problems.

Calibration↗
PubMed1986

Steroid receptors in human ovarian malignancy. A review of four years tissue collection.

The oestrogen and progestogen receptor status in ovarian cancers from 72 patients was correlated with histological type, primary or secondary origin and peripheral hormone concentrations. Changes occurred in receptor status during malignant transformations of ovarian tissues, with those for oestrogen being found more often, and those for progestogen less often than in non-diseased ovarian fragments. It is suggested that the similarity in sex steroid receptor content between ovarian and breast cancers warrants prospective study of ovarian sex steroid receptor status as a predictive index of survival and response to hormonal therapy in multi-centre clinical trials. Additional data on androgen receptors are also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of circulating immune complexes, pregnancy associated beta 1-macroglobulin and galactosyltransferase as tumour markers for ovarian cancer.

Serial blood samples have been obtained from 12 patients with ovarian cancer who were treated by surgery and, generally, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Some achieved clinical remission, but the majority relapsed after variable time interval. Three potential tumour markers (Circulating Immune Complexes, Pregnancy Associated beta 1-Macroglobulin and Galactosyltransferase) have been studied longitudinally in serum for clinical correlation, predictive value, and biochemical 'lead time' to clinically detectable progression. None of the 3 offered any signal advantage over the others, and each showed an inconsistent relationship to observed disease status, with high levels indicating a poor outlook and the converse not true. Thus, since the 'lead time' is short, and reliability low, none of the compounds can be strongly commended as individual markers for ovarian cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

The impact of AIDS on artificial insemination by donor.

Artificial insemination by donor (AID) provides a necessary service to a significant number of infertile couples. Its practice has been well controlled in Australia by careful donor screening and selection of suitable recipients. The potential for transmission of several infectious diseases has demanded a vigorous protocol for donor assessment and a strong movement away from the use of fresh semen. The description of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by AID has increased the need for vigilance and has mandated, both by common sense and by Health Department Requirement (in Australia), the universal use of frozen donations. Antibody testing for HIV is not fail safe and must be supported by a carefully constructed lifestyle declaration form and a drive to recruit monogamous donors. The recruitment of sufficient donors has always been a problem and the advent of the HIV has not helped. Whilst transmission to laboratory staff appears to represent an extremely low risk, this possibility has required the development of safety protocols and appropriate staff training. This review outlines the current problems of running an AID programme given the knowledge that the HIV can be maintained in liquid nitrogen and transmitted atraumatically to a recipient.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor.

Four of eight recipients of artificial insemination (AI) with cryopreserved semen from a symptomless carrier of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) were found to have antibody to the virus. One has generalised, persistent lymphadenopathy while the other three remain symptom free 3 years after insemination. Three subsequently became pregnant more than a year after contact with the infected semen; the children, who are now over 1 year of age, are in good health and do not have HTLV-III antibodies. These observations emphasise the need for a rigorous screening programme for potential AI donors; they also suggest that fresh semen should not be used in AI. The findings confirm the role of semen in heterosexual transmission of the virus and suggest that in women with HTLV-III antibodies pregnancy and subsequent breast-feeding does not necessarily lead to infection of the infant.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

The value of the monoclonal antibody (cancer antigen 125) in serial monitoring of ovarian cancer: a comparison with circulating immune complexes.

The use of circulating immune complexes and a commercial monoclonal antibody to ovarian cancer (CA 125 kit) in monitoring progress in patients with ovarian cancer has been assessed. While changes in immune complexes were apparent in some patients with active progression of disease, the marked change in values and linear trend make the use of CA 125 a useful clinical marker.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1985

Round-headed spermatozoa: a case report.

A case is presented of a patient in whom over 90% of spermatozoa had distinctive round heads as seen by light microscopy. Other features of his semen were only slightly abnormal. Electron microscopy revealed spermatozoa with no acrosome confirming the sterility of the patient. With such men other means of achieving a family must be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Further evaluation of a simple test for determining the integrity of spermatozoal membranes.

A simple test of membrane function in spermatozoa has been evaluated by subjecting them to hypo-osmotic stress and determining their swelling characteristics. Correlations between the values from this test and other seminal parameters were poor (r less than 0.42), and after correction for the number of dead spermatozoa present, the relationships became weaker (r less than 0.23). Further investigations with respect to other functional tests of spermatozoal quality (e.g. penetration of homologous and heterologous ova) are warranted before the swelling test is adopted for general routine use.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of frequent ejaculation on seminal spermatozoal number and calculation of daily spermatozoal output.

Spermatozoal depletion of the extra-gonadal reserve (EGR) has been monitored in 14 men by analysing ejaculates collected daily for 5 days. It has been concluded that EGR is stabilized within 2 days and that an estimate of daily spermatozoal output can be obtained either by averaging the values from days 3 to 5 or by using the day 5 value alone. This latter parameter may prove useful clinically.

Adult↗