Orthotopic renal transplantation in a patient with a massive pelvic arteriovenous malformation.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
J P Whelan
Publications and source records attributed to J P Whelan.
The effect of Achievement orientation on response to success and failure in pediatric cancer patients.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of different cognitive orientations focused on social comparison or self-comparison, followed by success or failure feedback, on mood, task persistence, and task difficulty choice in children with cancer. METHOD: Children with cancer (N = 79) and a group of age-matched controls (N = 72 were randomly assigned in a 2 (Achievement Orientation) x 2 (Feedback) between-subjects design. RESULTS: Between-group differences revealed that children with cancer chose more difficult tasks for the future than those in the comparison group, while the comparison subjects chose to persist longer with the problems than did children with cancer, with no significant differences on measures of mood. CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effects of achievement orientation as a clinical manipulation may not be as robust as expected with a medically ill population, due to the apparent stability of achievement orientations.
Achievement↗
Use of the USDT flow immunosensor for quantitation of benzoylecgonine in urine.
The flow immunosensor works on a principle somewhat distinct from other immunoassay systems in that it performs a displacement immunoassay. Antibody-coated matrices are saturated with fluorescently labeled benzoylecgonine (BE), which is released and measured in the presence of BE-containing urine and measured downstream from the matrix. The same antibody matrix can be used for many samples. A flow immunosensor instrument, built by US Drug Testing, Inc., has recently received "Premarket Notification' (510(K)) from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to screen urine for the presence of the cocaine metabolite BE. The performance of the flow immunosensor for screening BE in urine was validated by comparison with results of a blind study using the Syva EMIT, the Abbott TDx and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Potentially interfering drugs were also spiked into urine and evaluated using the flow immunosensor. While the FDA approval is for determining whether the BE concentration is above or below the 300 micrograms/l cutoff recommended by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, we have also shown that the flow immunosensor can be adapted to produce quantitative determinations of the amount of BE in the urine samples. The reliability of the quantitation was confirmed by testing 100 urine samples containing unknown amounts of BE using the flow immunosensor. GC-MS and the Abbott TDx system. Comparison of quantitative data obtained using the immunosensor and GC-MS showed a 97% correlation, compared with a much lower value for data from the TDx and GC-MS.
Antibody Specificity↗
An evaluation of a television-delivered behavioral weight loss program: are the ratings acceptable?
This experiment evaluated the efficacy of television delivery of a behavioral weight reduction program. Seventy-one overweight adults were randomly assigned to a live-contact weight loss group that was videotaped for viewing by other groups, a live-contact group that was not videotaped, a television-delivered group that observed the videotaped weight loss sessions, or a waiting-list control group. Participants in all 3 treatment groups lost significantly more weight during the 8-week treatment program than those in the waiting-list control group. There was no significant weight loss differences among the 3 treatment groups during the program. These weight changes were maintained at 3-month follow-up. At 15-month follow-up, the television-delivered group and the live-contact group maintained their weight losses, whereas the videotaped group did not. Cost-effectiveness analyses indicated that the television-delivered group received the most cost-effective treatment.
Adult↗
Cognitive behavioral strategies in athletic performance enhancement.
While we might debate the role of sport in our culture, its influence is certainly pervasive. Each day millions of Americans engage in some form of competition, training, or physical exercise. Such popularity and the value our culture places on competition have made sport a valid area of psychological inquiry. Within the cognitive behavioral model, sport psychology and, specifically, athletic performance enhancement have experienced vigorous growth over the past two decades. Behavior change strategies familiar to most cognitive behaviorists form the core of virtually all athletic performance enhancement interventions. Goal setting, imagery or mental rehearsal, relaxation training, stress management, self-monitoring, self-instruction, cognitive restructuring, and modeling interventions dominate this literature. Our examination of these performance enhancement programs, both through a qualitative review and the Whelan et al. (1989) meta-analysis, supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioral interventions for the enhancement of sport performance. First, the average effect size across the empirical literature indicates that these interventions are reliably effective. Furthermore, this positive result is observed across variations in treatment conditions, control conditions, and across different types of dependent measures. Evidence on goal setting, imagery, arousal management, cognitive self-regulation, and packaged programs specifically support the behavior change efficacy of these interventions. These findings are encouraging, but much work needs to be done. Few investigators cited in this review attend to crucial internal and external validity issues. Attention to treatment integrity, including training of behavior change agents, verification of intervention implementation, and verification of reception of the treatment, is sorely lacking. Psychological skill development and its relationship to performance improvements are rarely checked. Now that cognitive behavioral interventions appear to be reliably effective at posttreatment, we must have meaningful evaluation of maintenance of psychological skill and performance changes. Six-month, 12-month, and longer follow-up evaluations are necessary. We must also begin more detailed evaluations of these effective interventions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Memory remediation after severe closed head injury: notebook training versus supportive therapy.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 9-week memory notebook treatment for closed-head-injured (CHI) participants with documented memory deficits. Eight participants who had sustained a severe CHI more than 2 years earlier were allocated to receive either notebook training or supportive therapy. Memory outcome indicators, which differed in sensitivity to detect everyday memory failures (EMFs), were administered before treatment, immediately after treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up. At posttreatment, the notebook training group reported significantly fewer observed EMFs on a daily checklist measure than the supportive therapy group. Although in the same direction, this finding no longer reached significance at follow-up. No significant treatment effects were found for the laboratory-based memory measures at posttreatment or follow-up. Although the present results are to be considered preliminary because of the small sample size, they suggest that notebook training has the potential to help individuals compensate for everyday memory problems and that the methods used to measure training efficacy are important.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The effect of smoking and light activity on metabolism in men.
This experiment examined the metabolic effects of smoking during rest and light activity under naturalistic conditions. Thirty-nine male subjects first completed a submaximal graded exercise treadmill test to standardize activity level. Then 3 groups of subjects--smokers smoking (SS), smokers not smoking (SNS), and nonsmokers (NS)--were exposed to 3 stages of rest or 3 stages of light activity with order of rest or activity randomly determined over 2 different days. Energy expenditure was monitored continuously during these sessions. Significant increases in smokers' energy expenditure were observed during light activity when compared with smokers not smoking and nonsmokers. No differences were identified among groups at rest. These findings strengthen the conclusion that smoking or its components contribute to metabolic changes during typical levels of daily activity and suggest a mechanism for the frequently observed relationship between smoking status and body weight.
Adolescent↗
Quantitative changes in G proteins do not mediate ethanol-induced downregulation of adenylyl cyclase in mouse cerebral cortex.
Our prior work, and the work of others, demonstrated that chronic administration of ethanol to cells in culture or to mice resulted in decreased responsiveness of adenylyl cyclase (EC4.6.1.1) to a number of stimulatory agents. In this study, we substantiated the ethanol-induced changes in cerebral cortical adenylyl cyclase activity in alcohol-tolerant and alcohol-dependent mice, and we examined whether chronic ethanol treatment of mice altered the quantity of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) in cerebral cortex and other mouse brain areas. Amounts of various G protein subunits--including the alpha subunits of GS (GS alpha), Gi alpha 1-3, G(o) alpha, and beta subunits--were examined by Western blot analysis. There was no change in quantity of these G protein subunits in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, or cerebellum of ethanol-fed mice, compared with controls. In striatum of ethanol-fed mice, small increases in Gi alpha 1 and G(o) alpha were observed, but these changes could not explain the ethanol-induced desensitization of adenylyl cyclase in brain areas such as the cerebral cortex. Forskolin activation of cerebral cortical adenylyl cyclase activity showed two components of activation, with high and low "affinity" for forskolin. Ethanol treatment caused a decrease in the efficacy of forskolin for both components, whereas the EC50 of forskolin for each component did not change. Adenylyl cyclase activity measured in the presence of manganese was also diminished in cortical membranes of ethanol-treated mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenylyl Cyclases↗
Class I and II MHC expression and its implications for regeneration in the nervous system.
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Adult↗
A protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester accelerates the T cell antigen receptor-stimulated phosphatidylinositol cycle in normal human CD4+ T cells.
Ligation of the TCR on Jurkat T lymphoblastoid cells causes an 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate-dependent rise in intracellular cytoplasmic calcium that is inhibited by PMA, a potent activator of protein kinase C. Consequently, protein kinase C is widely believed to mediate feedback inhibition of TCR-activated phospholipase C. We have now extended these studies to normal unblasted human CD4+ T lymphocytes, examining the PMA sensitivity of both the TCR complex-mediated release of total inositol-phosphates and the resynthesis of the parent phosphoinositides. In contrast to Jurkat, in which PMA inhibited release of 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate by 60% and total inositolphosphates by 40% (50% inhibitory concentration, 5.6 nM), normal cells displayed a marked increase in anti-CD3-induced phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycling in the presence of PMA. Both total inositolphosphate release and PI resynthesis were maximally elevated (88% and 342%, respectively) by a PMA concentration that also optimally supported a subsequent proliferative response; the ED50 was at least 11.7-fold lower than that for the inhibitory effect of PMA on breakdown of total Jurkat PI. A PKC nonactivating phorbol ester had no effect. If anti-CD3 was replaced by the mitogenic lectin PHA, PI resynthesis was similarly up-regulated by PMA in these highly purified cells. The PMA up-regulatory phenomenon was not a simple consequence of cell blastogenesis, inasmuch as there was no early effect on the non-signaling-associated phosphatidylethanolamine compartment after CD3 stimulation. Thus, PKC activation appears to accelerate TCR-linked PI metabolism in normal Th cells, in contrast to the feedback inhibitor paradigm observed in Jurkat and other tumor cell systems.
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte↗
Transient, cyclic changes in mouse visual cell gene products during the light-dark cycle.
Temporal and spatial changes in the cellular and subcellular concentrations of photoreceptor cell gene products appear to be important features of phototransduction in rod photoreceptor cells. The time course of the rapid, light-dependent movement of S-antigen (S-Ag) (48k; Arrestin) from the inner segments to the outer segments was analyzed using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The concentrations of mRNA change about threefold for rhodopsin and about sixfold for S-Ag in cyclic, independent modes during the normal light-dark cycle. Kinetic analysis indicates that the oscillations of S-Ag mRNA levels are due to changes in the transcriptional activity of the gene itself. An experimental model is presented summarizing the relationships between mRNA levels, protein localization, disc shedding, and phototransduction in the photoreceptors cells.
Animals↗
Optimizing gallbladder stone lithotripsy: an international survey.
Rates of stone clearance with extracorporeal shock wave cholecystolithotripsy (biliary lithotripsy [BL]) initially reported by European groups were encouraging. An American multicenter BL study (the Dornier National Biliary Lithotripsy Study [DNBLS]) did not reproduce these results. The BL treatment strategies and 6-month stone clearance rates of six leading European and Japanese centers were compared with those of DNBLS. All foreign centers used adjuvant oral chemolitholysis and greater shock wave energies from the same lithotriptor as that in DNBLS. Six months after BL, the stone clearance rates at all six centers were higher than those of DNBLS. There were no significant differences in complication rates between centers. These findings suggest that the poor results of DNBLS were chiefly due to the use of low kilovoltage and few BL sessions. Increased energy levels and a fragment size end point of less than 5 mm optimize BL. Despite the popularity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, BL can be recognized as a successful treatment alternative for patients with a low burden of radiolucent stones.
Cholelithiasis↗
Phorbol ester plus calcium ionophore induces release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids of a human B cell line.
Binding of LA350, a lymphoblastoid human B cell line, by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus a calcium ionophore, either ionomycin or A23187, produced unique alterations in the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids. After equilibrium labeling of cells with radioactive fatty acids, [14C]AA demonstrated a selective enhanced release from the cells in response to the binding of PMA plus calcium ionophore as compared to the release of [14C]stearic acid (STE), [3H]oleic acid (OLE) and [3H]palmitic acid (PAL). The major phospholipid sources of the released [14C]AA were shown to be phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. The participation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the enhanced synergistic release of [14C]AA was demonstrated by the inhibition of the release by the PKC inhibitor, staurosporine. Approximately 2-6% of the labeled AA liberated was converted to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by an endogenous 5-lipoxygenase. Therefore during cell activation the B cell is capable of liberating AA via a PKC-dependent mechanism, implicating AA and/or its metabolites in signal transduction.
Arachidonic Acid↗
Decreasing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B virus infection during endoscopic surgery.
The risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection is small but finite. Urological surgeons are exposed through needle punctures in open surgery and splashes during endoscopic surgery. Safety glasses are difficult to use during endoscopic surgery and they do not offer complete protection. The Steri-Shield, a facial shield designed to be fixed to the endoscope, is described.
Endoscopes↗
Family functioning and the social adaptation of hearing-impaired youths.
This study examined the associations between important aspects of family functioning and the adjustment of hearing-impaired youths. Participants were 75 hearing-impaired youths and their hearing parents. The dependent variables were mothers' and fathers' ratings of child behavior problems and social competence. Independent variables included parental symptomatology, parental ratings of family stress, and family members' perceptions of family cohesion and family adaptability. Demographic characteristics and the youth's degree of hearing loss and mode of communication were used as control variables. Results from multiple regression analyses showed that parental ratings of the youths' behavior problems were linked with parental symptomatology, and that maternal ratings of the youths' behavior problems were associated with low family adaptability. Parental ratings of the youths' social competence were predicted by family stress. Overall, key aspects of family functioning accounted for considerably more variance than did the control variables. The methodological and conceptual implications of the findings are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effects of a waking schedule on primary enuretic children treated with full-spectrum home training.
Examined the effects of adding a waking schedule to full-spectrum home training (FSHT) for primary enuresis. Twenty children received FSHT, and 17 children received FSHT plus a waking schedule. The groups did not reliably differ in average bedwettings per week in treatment and length of treatment. Also, the groups did not reliably differ with respect to proportion of treatment successes and proportion of relapses at 1-year follow-up. Further, across both treatment groups, 76% achieved a dry bed, and only 16% experienced a relapse by 1-year follow-up. Although results support the efficacy of FSHT, the beneficial effects of a waking schedule reported previously were not replicated. The findings suggest the need for closer examination of individual differences among children with primary nocturnal enuresis.
Adolescent↗
Peer relations of hearing-impaired adolescents.
Compared peer relations of hearing-impaired adolescents (n = 35) with those of hearing adolescents (n = 35) based on reports from mothers, fathers, and adolescents. Dependent measures included the emotional bonding, aggression, and social maturity subscales of the Missouri Peer Relations Inventory, the socialized aggression subscale from the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and the activities and social subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist. Analyses showed that parents of hearing-impaired youths rated their adolescents' friendships as relatively high in aggression, but hearing-impaired adolescents rated their behavior with friends as relatively low in aggression. These findings were interpreted in light of recent research regarding the cognitive biases of aggressive hearing children. Mothers of hearing-impaired youths also rated their adolescents' friendships as lower in emotional bonding than did mothers of hearing adolescents.
Adolescent↗
The adaptation of hearing parents of hearing-impaired youths.
This study evaluated the emotional and marital adjustment of hearing parents of hearing-impaired youths. Participants included mothers and fathers of hearing-impaired youths and mothers and fathers of hearing youths. In contrast with expectations based on clinical impressions reported in the literature, parents of hearing-impaired youths reported less symptomatology than did parents of hearing youths, and there were no differences in the marital satisfaction of parents in intact families. Moreover, parental adjustment was not associated with the duration of time since the child was diagnosed as hearing impaired. In addition, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that family cohesion was associated with low maternal symptomatology and high marital satisfaction for both spouses. For mothers, low symptomatology was associated with low stress and female gender of child; high marital satisfaction also was linked with a less severe degree of hearing loss in the youth.
Adaptation, Psychological↗