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Biomedical subjects

J Parízková

Publications and source records attributed to J Parízková.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Serum leptin levels and soluble leptin receptors in female patients with anorexia nervosa].

BACKGROUND: Leptin action in peripheral tissues is enabled by an interaction with specific transmembrane receptors. Several of leptin receptor isoforms were identified, including soluble leptin receptor isoform structurally identical to extracellular domain of the the long leptin receptor isoform. The soluble receptor isoform is released to the circulation and acts probably as leptin-binding factor. The aim of our study was to measure serum concentrations of the soluble leptin receptor in patients with anorexia nervosa and in the control group of healthy women. Relationships of soluble leptin receptor levels to body mass index (BMI), body fat content, serum leptin, TNF-alpha and insulin levels were also studied. METHOD AND RESULTS: 16 patients with anorexia nervosa and 16 age-matched lean healthy women were included into the study. All of the subjects were measured and weighed, the body fat content was estimated from the skinfold thickness measurement. The blood for the determination of leptin, soluble leptin receptor and other hormonal parameters was obtained from all subjects after the overnight fasting. BMI, body fat content, serum leptin and insulin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa were significantly lower than in the control group (BMI: 14.98 +/- 2.32 vs. 22.21 +/- 2.48, p < 0.01, % fat content: 16.43 +/- 4.56 vs. 27.19 +/- 4.59, p < 0.01, leptin: 1.37 +/- 1.85 ng.ml-1 vs. 7.19 +/- 3.49 ng.ml-1, p < 0.01, insulin: 12.97 +/- 2.89 mU.l-1 vs. 17.09 +/- 5.57 mU.l-1, p < 0.05). Serum soluble leptin receptor levels in patients with anorexia nervosa were significantly higher compared the to control group (24.67 +/- 8.3 U.ml-1 vs. 15.71 +/- 2.79 U.ml-1, p < 0.01). No significant differences in serum TNF-alpha levels between the groups studied were found. Serum leptin levels in both groups correlated positively with BMI and body fat content. Serum soluble leptin receptor levels in both groups correlated negatively with BMI only. No statistically significant relationships between serum soluble leptin receptor levels and the rest of parameters studied were found in any of the groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: Serum soluble leptin receptors levels in patients with anorexia nervosa were significantly higher in comparison with the healthy subjects. Except of the negative correlation between serum soluble leptin receptor levels and BMI no statistically significant relationships between serum soluble leptin receptor and the rest of parameters studied were found.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2000

Intrapair resemblance in very low calorie diet-induced weight loss in female obese identical twins.

OBJECTIVE: To assess intrapair resemblance in changes of body weight, total body fat, fat distribution, resting metabolic rate, fasting respiratory quotient and cardiovascular disease risk factors in response to therapeutic weight loss in female obese identical twins. DESIGN: Patients stayed for 40 days on an inpatient metabolic unit under careful supervision. The stay was divided into three parts: an initial period of 7 days for adjustment to the hospital environment and for baseline measurements, 28 days of the weight reduction regimen when negative energy balance was achieved mainly by a very low calorie diet (1.6 MJ per day) and 5 days of testing after weight reduction. SUBJECTS: Fourteen pairs of premenopausal female obese identical twins (age: 39.0+/-1.7 y; body weight (BW): 93.9+/-21.2 kg; body mass index (BMI): 34.2+/-7.8 kg/m2) participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Before and after weight loss, the following measurements were made: body composition by anthropometry and hydrodensitometry, intra-abdominal fat by ultrasonography, resting metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid were determined by standard laboratory procedures. Blood pressure was measured in the morning in the recumbent position. RESULTS: Subjects lost 8.8+/-1.9 kg of weight, from 93.9+/-21.2 to 85.1+/-10.9 kg (P<0.0001) and 6.5+/-2.3 kg of body fat (P<0.001). Weight losses varied widely among subjects, with a high correlation between losses of members of twin pairs for body weight (r=0.85; P<0.001) and for body fat (r=0.88; P<0.0001). Changes in uric acid resulting from weight loss were also correlated among members of twin pairs whereas changes in blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides were not. CONCLUSION: The great intrapair resemblance observed in very low calorie diet-induced weight and fat losses in female obese identical twins suggests an important role of genetic factors in response to the weight reduction regimen.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Dietary habits and nutritional status in adolescents in Central and Eastern Europe.

The overall situation as regards dietary intake and nutritional status in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe has varied considerably during previous decades; however, after the political, social and economic changes during the nineties these differences have increased further, especially in the areas with low GDP and war, and in the regions affected by radionuclides etc. No systematic surveillance systems in representative samples of adolescents were in effect at the beginning of the nineties in Central and Eastern Europe. There exists relatively more data on nutritional status characterized by body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness measurements. Food intake has mainly been followed in smaller samples of adolescents, and or in special groups (athletes, obese, vegetarians, allergies, Romanies, pupils of special schools etc.). In the countries and/or areas with sufficient GDP and income the food intake has most often been too abundant when considering the real needs of the growing organism, especially from the point of view of energy output. The composition of the diet is not adequate, i.e. too much protein, fats, sugar etc. This situation is similar to that in Western countries, USA etc. On the other hand, adolescents in Central and Eastern Europe consume too few vegetables, fruit and milk products in their diet (i.e. low intakes of Ca, fibre and vitamin C), which is less apparent in Western countries. This is mainly due to bad eating habits and nutritional traditions in the families, but also due to the changes of the prices of the mentioned foodstuffs after political and economic changes in this part of the world. Certain nutritional deficiencies were also shown as factors increasing the health risks from the Chernobyl disaster, mainly in the Ukraine, Belorussia and certain parts of Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Respiratory quotient in obesity: its association with an ability to retain weight loss and with parental obesity.

A high fasting respiratory quotient (RQ) was observed during the treatment by very low calorie diet (VLCD) in obese patients who regained weight at two-year follow-up (weight regainers) or in those who exhibited repeated cycles of weight loss with a subsequent weight regain (weight cyclers). In contrast obese patients who succeeded to retain the weight loss achieved initially by the VLCD at 2-yr follow-up (weight losers) or those who did not exhibit weight fluctuations (weight noncyclers) were characterized by a significantly lower RQ. Therefore a high fasting RQ during the VLCD treatment should be considered predictive of body weight gain. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) expressed per kg fat free mass (FFM) did not influence body weight changes. A high RQ revealed in obese subjects reporting parental obesity and a low fasting RQ observed in those obese without family history of obesity suggest a role of hereditary factors in the ability to oxidize fat in severely obese subjects. In contrast, parental history of obesity did not affect RMR in severely obese individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of obesity in the Czech Republic.

Guidelines for the management of obesity include recommendation about diet, exercise, behavioral modification, drug therapy and bariatric surgery in the comprehensive management of an obese patient. It is emphasized that the treatment of obesity should be individually tailored according to the age of the patient, degree and phase of obesity, body fat distribution and an expression of risk factors and comorbidities. The new realistic goals in obesity management do not focus on the weight loss per se but mainly on the risk factors reduction which accompanies even modest weight loss. The system of obesity management introduced in the Czech Republic includes obesity management centres attached to major teaching hospitals, obesity out-patient clinics (led by an obesity specialist), primary care physicians and weight reduction clubs. Postgraduate training in obesity management should be recognized by health authorities as a function specialty. A time demanding therapeutic strategy in obesity management should be taken into account by both health policy makers and health insurance companies.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed1998

Long-term treatment of obesity in the obesity unit.

A group of 318 obese patients followed-up at the Obesity Unit in Prague in 1995-1997 was included into a study. Their treatment was based on the standard combination of a weight reduction diet, physical activity and behavioural intervention. In patients with more severe degrees of óbesity VLCD in one daily portion, pharmacotherapy, in-patient regimen lasting 24 days, including VLCD (1,500 kJ/day), exercise and group psychotherapy; or bariatric surgery (mostly laparoscopic gastric banding) were used, if necessary. Patients were divided into two groups according to their compliance to the weight reducing regimen. Group A dropped out before 2 years of follow-up, group B was followed-up 2 years or more. The groups did not differ significantly in their mean age, initial body weight, initial BMI and fat content and in percentage of males and females. Weight, BMI, fat content, essential anthropometric indices (waist circumference, WHR, subscapular and triceps skinfolds) and blood pressure are presented in this study. The maximum weight loss was significantly higher in group B. We did not find any other significant differences between group A and group B. The most significant predictor of compliance expressed as duration of follow-up (evaluated by multiple regression with stepwise variable selection) was the maximum BMI decrease (p < 0.005). The most significant predictors of the weight loss at the end of the follow-up were maximum weight loss and maximum decrease of BMI (p < 0.001). Family history of obesity (obese one or both parents) was significantly more often in group B (p < 0.05). This trend was expressed predominantly in females (p < 0.01), where also family history of obesity in mother was significantly more often in group B (p < 0.05). The frequency of methods used in individual patients was estimated. Standard combination of diet, enhanced physical activity and behavioural intervention was used in all patients. All other methods were used significantly more frequently in group B. In group A in-patient treatment was significantly more often used in men. The in-patient treatment promotes the compliance with the therapeutic regimen in women significantly more effectively than in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Health risks and economic costs associated with obesity requiring a comprehensive weight reduction program].

An increasing prevalence of obesity all over the world reflects a lack of effective measures in both prevention and treatment of obesity. Obesity as a disease has been underestimated by the lay-public as well as health care providers. However, obesity represents a substantial health problem associated with a decreased quality of life. Obesity is linked to numerous chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, gout, osteoarthritis, gall-stones, and bowel, breast and genitourinary cancers) that lead to premature disability and mortality. Health risks increase with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 in individuals 19-35 years of age and with a BMI over 27 in those 35 years of age and older. Health risks also increase with an excess accumulation of visceral fat manifested as an increase in waist circumference (> 100 cm) or in waist to hip ratio (> 0.85 for females and > 1.00 for males). According to studies carried out in different countries current economic costs of obesity represent 5-8% of all direct health costs. In contrast, effective treatment of obesity results in a substantial decrease in expenditures associated with pharmacotherapy of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and osteoarthritis. Both scientists and clinicians involved in obesity research and treatment recommend to introduce the long-term weight management programs focussing more on the overall health of the participants than the weight loss per se. Therefore, it will be necessary to establish new realistic goals in the obesity management that reflect reasonable weights and recently experienced beneficial health effects of modest (5-10%) weight loss. Comprehensive obesity treatment consisting of low fat diet, exercise, behavioral modification, drug therapy and surgical procedures requires differentiated weight management programs modified according to the degree and type of obesity as well as to current health complications present. The Czech Society for the Study of Obesity defined a comprehensive weight reduction program carried out in weight reduction clubs, out-patient obesity clinics and in specialized departments attached to the university hospitals. In order to provide an integrated knowledge from many different disciplines connected with obesity three week postgraduate course has been organized for physicians involved in obesity management. Even the most spread weight reduction clubs in our country (STOB) are supervised by the trained counselors. The main goal of different weight management programs is to find out optimal approaches leading to long-term beneficial outcome and ameliorating the variety of disorders associated with obesity.

Health Care Costs↗
PubMed1996

[Energy and nutritional requirements for the European population].

Recommended dietary allowances were prepared by the Scientific Committee for Food an published by the Commission of the European Communities in 1993. Recommended allowances for energy were evaluated on the basis of basal metabolic rate (BMR), calculated individually with the help of the regression equations prepared by Expert Consultation of FAO/WHO/UNU (Geneva, 1985), and by the multiples of BMR according to the intensity of work loads and their duration within the framework of occupational and leisure activities during the day. Recommended allowance for protein is 0.75 g/kg body weight/day, which relates to high quality protein). Allowances for children, pregnant and lactating women are higher. This document gives also the values for essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Changes in thermal homeostasis in humans due to repeated cold water immersions.

The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in body and skin temperatures, heat production, subjective shivering, cold sensation and body fat content in humans after intermittent cold water immersion. Repeated exposures of young sportsmen to cold water (head out, 14 degrees C, 1 h, 3 times per week for 4-6 weeks) induced changes in regulation of thermal homeostasis. "Cold acclimated" subjects exhibited an hypothermic type of adaptation. Central and peripheral body temperatures at rest and during cold immersion were lowered. The metabolic response to cold was delayed and subjective shivering was attenuated. The observed hypothermia was due to the shift of the threshold for induction of cold thermogenesis to lower body temperatures. "Cold acclimated" subjects also showed a lowered cold sensation. Because of the observed physiological changes, about 20% of the total heat production was saved during one cold water immersion of "cold acclimated" subjects. Maximal aerobic and anaerobic performances were not altered. No change in the thermosensitivity of the body temperature controller, as assessed from the unchanged slope of the relation between the deep body temperature and total heat production, was observed. Changes in cold sensation and regulation of cold thermogenesis were noticed first after four cold water immersions and persisted for at least 2 weeks after termination of the adaptation procedure. A trend towards a small increase in the body fat content was also observed. This finding, as well as the increased vasoconstriction, evidenced by the lowered skin temperature, indicate that slight changes in body insulation may also occur after "cold acclimation" in humans.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1995

[Relation between cardiorespiratory indicators, blood lipids, and the amount and distribution of adipose tissue in middle-aged men].

BACKGROUND. In middle-aged and elderly men the cardiovascular mortality in this country is still relatively high. The objective of the presented work was therefore the validation of simple parameters of fat deposition as a risk factor in order to select subjects at risk where preventive measures are called for. METHODS AND RESULTS. In 68 men aged 43.8 +/- 7.4 years from a sample of managers of a Prague bank the case-history we evaluated, as well as a basic physical examination, a loading test on a bicycle ergometer (performance evaluated in W/kg body weight or lean body mass) and ECG; serum lipids were examined (total and HDL-cholesterol, triacyglycerols), the body mass index (BMI), the ratio of depot fat (by evaluation of 10 skinfolds measured by means of a caliper) and the distribution of body fat (indices relating either only the subscapular and tricipital skinfold or all skinfolds on the trunk to all skinfolds on the extremities, and the waist/hip ratio). The basic physical examination did not reveal any serious acute diseases. Mean BMI values (26.7 +/- 3.4 kg/m2) and body fat ratio (20.8 +/- 4.2%) were higher than standard values. 24.1% of the men were obese, the W/H ratio was 0.9 +/- 0.1 but this index, similarly as the other mentioned indices, were elevated, indicating risk. The mean values of the heart rate and blood pressure at rest and after a load were normal, however 11.5% of the men had an elevated diastolic pressure after a load and a similar percentage of men manifested during a load certain signs of myocardial ischaemia. The prevalence of hypertension according to WHO criteria was 9.6%. On average, however, the physical performance (W/kg of the total body weight or lean body mass) was 108% of the Czech standard assessed previously within the framework of the International Biological Programme. The total cholesterol was 5.35 +/- 1.04, HDL 1.11 +/- 0.19, total triacylglycerols 1.81 +/- 0.77 mmol/l. The ratio of total and HDL cholesterol was 4.9 +/- 1.1, the blood sugar level 5.04 +/- 0.66 mmol/l. More than 20% of the men had risk levels of serum lipids. A significant correlation was found in particular between blood lipids and the W/H ratio and the subscapular/triceps index.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

The relationship of cardiorespiratory variables, blood lipids, amount and distribution of fat in middle aged men.

68 middle aged men (43.8 +/- 7.4 years) without apparent health problems were examined. Medical check up, individual and family history, physical performance test on a bicycle ergometer, blood lipid level (total, T-, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) and anthropometric measurements were executed. No serious health problems and complaints were assessed. Average values of body mass index (BMI = 26.7 +/- 3.4 kg/m2 and the percentage of depot fat (20.8 +/- 4.2%) were increased according to standard values. Waist/hip ratio was 0.9 +/- 0.1. Nearly a quarter of men was evaluated as obese. The results of work load test on a bicycle ergometer showed adequate results, however especially the diastolic blood pressure was increased in 11.5% of men at rest, and in an approximately same number of men there appeared the symptoms of cardiac ischemia after the work load. The prevalence of hypertension according to WHO criteria was 9.6%. TCH was 5.35 +/- 1.04, HDL 1.11 +/- 0.19, and triglycerides 1.81 +/- 0.77 mmol/l. Atherogenic index was 4.9 +/- 1.1. Glycemia was 5.04 +/- 0.66 mmol/l. In more than 20% of men there appeared risk values of blood lipids. -Indices evaluated from anthropometric measurements such as waist/hip ratio correlated significantly with blood lipids (positive correlation: total cholesterol, triglycerides, atherogenic index) and/or the level of physical performance (negative correlation), which indicated the possibility to use them as simple markers of cardiovascular risk in larger population samples examined under field conditions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Body fat assessment by a new bipedal bioimpedance instrument in normal weight and obese women.

The aim of the study was to evaluate a new bioimpedance method for assessment of body fat employing bipedal electrodes instead of those attached to both upper and lower extremities. The new analyzer (TBF-105, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) enables simultaneous measurements of body weight and total body resistance in a subject standing on the stainless steel electrodes. The instrument was tested in both normal weight and obese women. Fat mass estimated by bipedal bioimpedance was highly correlated with that determined by hydrodensitometry (n = 145, r = 0.945, p < 0.001). Fat mass estimated by bipedal bioimpedance significantly correlated not only with subcutaneous fat measured as a sum of 10 skinfolds (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) but also with visceral fat determined as an area on CT scan (r = 0.780, p < 0.001). Anthropometric variables did not substantially influence the differences revealed in fat mass determined by bipedal bioimpedance and by densitometry. An overestimation of total fat mass by bipedal bioimpedance has not been revealed in severely obese individuals, even in those with higher fat accumulation in the limb region. In conclusion, our data have demonstrated that the new bioimpedance instrument employing bipedal electrodes represents a reliable tool for rapid body fat assessment in both normal weight and obese women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Simple anthropometric measurements--relation to body fat mass, visceral adipose tissue and risk factors of atherogenesis.

Abdominal type of obesity is linked to risk factors of atherosclerosis and to metabolic diseases. 216 women, aged 17 to 67 years, mean age 43.1 +/- 0.76, mean weight 108.7 +/- 1.6 kg and mean BMI 39.57 kg/m2, were examined. Body composition was assessed by hydrodensitometry, fat distribution was determined by simple anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter at the level L4,5, waist to hip ratio-WHR and waist to thigh ratio-WTR), by computed tomography estimating of visceral fat area and by the ultrasound assessment of visceral fat. Close correlation of visceral fat area determined by CT with the ultrasound assessment of visceral fat was found (r = 0.71). In contrast to WHR, a strong correlation of the waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter to total body fat content (r = 0.89, r = 0.84, respectively). Close relation of the waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter and WTR to visceral fat examined by ultrasound was discovered (r = 0.61, r = 0.66 and r = 0.58, respectively). The sample was divided into quintiles according to waist circumference, abdominal sagittal diameter and WHR. After adjustment for weight and age, waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter tend to be more closely related to the metabolic variables (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, uric acid) and to the arterial blood pressure than WHR. In the group followed only weak relation was found between anthropometric measures of fat distribution and occurrence of diseases complicating obesity, probably as a result of a high overall fatness connected with a high content of visceral fat.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1994

[Body weight fluctuation in obese women and atherogenesis risk factors].

BACKGROUND: Hitherto published experimental and clinical studies provide controversial findings as regards the relations of risk factors of atherogenesis and ischaemic heart disease and variations of body weight. The objective of the present study was to find out whether variations of body weight in women with severe obesity influence the incidence of some other risk factors of atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two groups of obese women were examined. The group described as "weight cyclers" comprised 29 women where repeated variations of body weight were recorded, whereby at least two cycles of weight loss and subsequent gain were higher than 10 kg. The mean age of the group was 40.6 +/- 1.6 years, the body weight 113.0 +/- 4.2 kg, the body mass index (BMI) 39.88 +/- 1.48, the mean number of weight cycles (< 10 kg) was 2.38 +/- 0.11. The second group described as "non-weight cyclers" comprised 55 women whose body weight change, with the exception of pregnancy, at the age above 20 years did not exceed 5 kg. The mean age of this group of women was 38.5 +/- 2.1 years, the body weight 110.4 +/- 2.9 kg and BMI 39.31 +/- 0.98. The anthropometric indicators--ratio of lean body mass, the waist/hip ratio, the waist/thigh ratio, the sagittal diameter at the L4/L5 level did not differ in the two groups: an exception was only the centralization index which differed at the borderline of statistical significance (p < 0.05). The values of other risk factors are as follows: (the first figure refers to the "weight cyclers"). Systolic blood pressure 135.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg and 135.9 +/- 2.4 mmHg resp., diastolic blood pressure 86.1 +/- 1.7 mmHg and 86.2 +/- 1.5 mmHg resp., fasting serum insulin (IRI) 22.2 +/- 3.5 mU/l and 26.2 +/- 2.4 mU/l resp., the fasting blood sugar level 5.30 +/- 0.17 mmol/l and 5.48 +/- 0.16 mmol/l, total cholesterol 5.29 +/- 0.17 mmol/l and 5.53 +/- 0.13 mmol/l, HDL-cholesterol 1.40 +/- 0.05 mmol/l and 1.30 +/- 0.04 mmol/l, triacylglycerols 1.92 +/- 0.22 mmol/l and 2.10 +/- 0.22 mmol/l. The serum concentrations of free fatty acids (at 7.00 a.m., 1.00 p.m., 9 p.m.) did not differ in the two groups: 0.790 +/- 0.058 mmol/l and 0.772 +/- 0.060 mmol/l at 7.00 a.m., 0.621 +/- 0.066 mmol/l and 0.641 +/- 0.051 mmol/l resp. at 1.00 p.m., 0.730 +/- 0.066 mmol/l and 0.810 +/- 0.061 mmol/l resp. at 9.00 p.m. CONCLUSIONS: The increased flow of free fatty acids from intraabdominal fat depots is considered to be one of the factors mediating metabolic complications in the android type of obesity. Therefore the absence of any difference in fasting free fatty acid levels in both groups of investigated obese women suggests that variations in body weight do not participate in the increased risk of development of metabolic complications in women with severe obesity. Marked variations in body weight in women with severe obesity do not influence the incidence of the risk factors of atherogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dietary intake and body physique in adolescent cross-country skiers.

Sixteen adolescent cross-country skiers (6 males, 10 females) were assessed during a period of preparation carried out in the school year (period I) and during a period of training in the mountains before competition (period II). Body mass index (BMI), body composition (calculated from skinfolds) and dietary intake were ascertained over a 1 week period. The boys had the highest BMI and the lowest percentage of body fat when compared to controls and other athletic boys of comparable age. Their energy and protein intake (especially during period II) were also above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and above that of controls and other athletic boys of comparable age. The girls had a lower body fat percentage and BMI than untrained girls, and also elevated energy and protein intakes when compared to the RDA. The intake of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and micronutrients increased significantly during period II as compared to period I. An adequate energy balance was assumed as BMI and body fat did not change significantly during period II. Greater calcium intake during periods I and II, and a lower intake of iron during period I, when compared to the RDA, were observed in the girls. Thus, with the exception of micronutrients, which ought to be carefully monitored, the spontaneously regulated food intake was assumed to be adequate during changes in the intensity of training and climate in adolescent cross-country skiers.

Adipose Tissue↗