Biomedical subjects

J Q You

Publications and source records attributed to J Q You.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2002

Scalable quantum computing with Josephson charge qubits.

A goal of quantum information technology is to control the quantum state of a system, including its preparation, manipulation, and measurement. However, scalability to many qubits and controlled con-nectivity between any selected qubits are two of the major stumbling blocks to achieve quantum com-puting (QC). Here we propose an experimental method, using Josephson charge qubits, to efficiently solve these two central problems. The proposed QC architecture is scalable since any two charge qubits can be effectively coupled by an experimentally accessible inductance. More importantly, we formulate an efficient and realizable QC scheme that requires only one (instead of two or more) two-bit operation to implement conditional gates.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

[Effect of artemether on phosphoglucomutase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase of Schistosoma japonicum harbored in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on phosphoglucomutase (GPM), aldolase (ALD), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and enolase (ENO) of Schistosoma japonicum harbored in mice. METHODS: Mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae for 4-5 wk were treated ig with Art 100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg and killed 24 h or 48 h after treatment for collection of worms. The activities of GPM, ALD, PGM and ENO in female and male worms were measured by the formation of NADPH or consumption of NADH. RESULTS: After the worms were exposed in vivo to Art 100 mg/kg for 24 h, the GPM, ALD, PGM and ENO activities in female worms were significantly decreased by 15%, 19%, 50% and 46%, respectively, while in male worms only the PGM and ENO activities were markedly decreased by 22% and 32%, respectively. Following exposure of the worms to Art 100 mg/kg for 48 h, the GPM and ALD activities in male worms were also significantly reduced by 21% and 18%, respectively, while the activities of GPM, ALD, PGM and ENO in female worms and those of PGM and ENO in male worms declined progressively with time. After the worms were exposed in vivo to Art 300 mg/kg for 24-48 h, all the activities of the above-mentioned enzymes in female and male worms declined significantly in a time-related pattern. CONCLUSION: Art showed an apparently inhibitory effect on GPM, ALD, PGM and ENO in female schistosomes.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effect of artemether on phosphorylase, lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, and glucosephosphate dehydrogenase of Schistosoma japonicum harbored in mice.

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on phosphorylase (PP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of S japonicum. METHODS: Mice infected with S. japonicum cercariae for 32-38 d were treated i.g. with Art 100-300 mg.kg-1 and killed 24-72 h after treatment for collection of schistosomes. The activities of PP, LDH, and G-6-PDH were measured by the formation of NADH or NADPH. The activity of ATPase was measured by the rate of release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from ATP at 37 degrees C. RESULTS: After infected mice were treated i.g. with Art 300 mg.kg-1 for 24-48 h, the activities of total PP and PPa (active form) increased markedly in both male and female worms, while PPb (inactive form) showed no or only a slight increase. At 24-72 h after the above-mentioned mice were treated i.g. with Art 100-300 mg.kg-1, the inhibitory rates of LDH and G-6-PDH were 9%-59% (male) and 41%-75% (female) as well as 22%-42% (male) and 74%-89% (female), respectively. When Art 300 mg.kg-1 was given to infected mice for 24 h, only the activity of Mg(2+)-ATPase showed marked inhibition in both male and female worms. At 48 h, the Ca(2+)-ATPase, Mg(2+)-ATPase, and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase were all inhibited, the inhibitory rates of 17% (male) and 19% (female), 32% (male) and 48% (female) as well as 29% (male) and 44% (female), respectively. CONCLUSION: In schistosomes, the increase in the activity of AMP-independent PPa induced by Art may enhance the decomposition of glycogen and the inhibition of LDH by Art could reduce the formation of lactate. Moreover, Art exerts a potent inhibition on the G-6-PDH activity of the female S japonicum.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1998

Effect of artemether on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase of Schistosoma japonicum harbored in mice.

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) of S japanicum. METHODS: Mice infected with schistosome cercariae for 32-38 d were treated ig with Art 100-300 mg.kg-1 and killed 24-72 h after medication for collection of schistosomes. The activities of GAPDH, PGK, and PK of the worms were determined by measuring the formation of NADH or consumption of NAD. The lactate content of the worms was also measured. RESULTS: After the infected mice were treated ig with Art 300 mg.kg-1 for 24 h, the inhibition rates of GAPDH were 13% (Male) and 21% (Female), and 48 h later the inhibition rates of the enzyme were 6% (Male) and 28% (Female). When Art 300 mg.kg-1 was given to infected mice for 24 h and 48 h, the inhibition rates of PGK were 60% (Male) and 48% (Female) as well as 75% (Male) and 62% (Female), respectively. Similar results were seen in PK activity. At 72 h after treatment the reduction rate of lactate content in Female worm was 72%, while that of Male was 48%. CONCLUSION: In the glycolytic pathway of both Male and Female schistosomes, PGK and PK activities were inhibited by Art. The GAPDH activity of Female worms was also susceptible to Art, While that of Male worms showed only temporary inhibition after treatment with Art. The Art reduced lactate content more in Female than in Male worms.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Preventive effect of artemether in rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae.

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) for prevention of schistosomal infection. METHODS: Rabbits with single infection or reinfection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were treated intramuscularly (i.m.) or intragastrically (i.g.) with Art 5 -20 mg.kg-1 on d 7-15 after the first infection, followed by various regimens. RESULTS: When rabbits were injected i.m. Art 7.5 mg.kg-1 (i.e., one half of the effective dose given i.g. on d 7) followed by once every week for twice, the female worm reduction rate was only 42%. In infected rabbits treated i.g. with Art 10-20 mg.kg-1 given in the same administration schedule, the female worm reduction rates were > 91%. When Art 15 mg.kg-1 was given to rabbits on d 7-14 and the following dose of the drug was given at intervals of 7-14 d, the female worm reduction rates were > 94%. In rabbits reinfected with cercariae, the female reduction rate of Art given i.g. once a week for 3 times since d 8 after the first infection was 96% which was similar to that given once a week twice since d 14 after the first infection. CONCLUSION: Art should be given i.g. on d 7-15 after infection, followed by repeated dosing once every 7-15 d for a total of 3 doses. Art given i.g. daily for 2 consecutive days or given at 1-wk intervals since 7-15 d after infection also showed preventive effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effect of mebendazole and praziquantel on glucosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall harbored in mice.

AIM: To study effects of antihydatid drugs on glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall. METHODS: Mice infected with the parasite for 8-10 months were treated i.g. with mebendazole (Meb) or praziquantel (Pra). The activities of GPI and GAPDH in the cysts were measured by the formation of NADH or NADPH. RESULTS: GPI activity in the cyst wall was 197 +/- 103 U, while that of GAPDH was 25 +/- 13 U. When infected mice were treated i.g. with Meb 25-50 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 7-14 d, no apparent effect on the GAPDH activity in the cyst was found. In mice treated i.g. with praziquantel (Pra) 500 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d, the GAPDH activity in the cyst wall was inhibited by 26.5%. As to GPI activity only the group treated i.g. with Meb 25 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d showed 33.2% inhibition of the enzyme in the collapsed cyst wall. CONCLUSION: GPI and GAPDH are not the major targets attacked by the antihydatid drug.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effect of artemether on glucose uptake and glycogen content in Schistosoma japonicum.

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on glucose uptake and glycogen content in schistosomes. METHODS: Schistosomes recovered from mice treated intragastrically with Art 300 mg.kg-1 for 24-48 h, were incubated in the drug-free medium containing [U-14C]glucose 11.1 MBq.L-1. The glycogen content, [U-14C]glucose uptake, and incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into worm glycogen in both male and female worms were determined. RESULTS: When above-mentioned schistosomes were exposed to drug-free medium containing [U-14C]glucose for 1-24 h, the glycogen contents of male and female worms decreased 27%-61% and 39%-78%, respectively. Only 3 out of 6 male worm groups showed 23%-35% decrease in glucose uptake, while much less glucose uptake was found in female worms in all groups with reduction rates of 18%-38%. Apart from 2 male groups no apparent change in the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the worm glycogen was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Art-induced glycogen reduction in schistosomes was related to an inhibition of glycolysis rather than an interference with glucose uptake.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Microscopic observations on livers of rabbits and dogs infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and early treatment with artemether or praziquantel.

UNLABELLED: To study the histopathological change of the liver of the hosts treated with artemether (Art) or praziquantel (Pra) in early stage after infection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. METHODS: Dogs infected once with schistosome cercariae were treated ig with Art 10 mg.kg-1 or Art capsule (ArtC) 15 mg.kg-1 on d 7, or praziquantel (Pra) 30-40 mg.kg-1 on d 21 after infection, followed by the repeated dosing once every 1 or 2 wk for 2-4 times. In rabbits, infected with 48-52 schistosome cercariae once every other day for 5 times, were treated ig with Art 10 mg.kg-1 or Pra 30 mg.kg-1 was started on d 7 or on d 21 after the first infection, followed by the repeated dosing every 1 or 2 wk for 2-3 times. RESULTS: After above mentioned dogs or rabbits were treated ig with Art, ArtC or Pra, the female worm reduction rates were 92.1%-100%. Histopathological examination showed that the reduction rates of total granuloma in the liver sections of the dogs and rabbits were 70.9%-97.3% and 76.5%-97.4%, respectively. Meantime, the structure of the hepatic lobules was normal with normal arrangement of the liver bundle. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with Art or Pra exhibited a promising effect of protection of the liver of the dogs and rabbits infected with schistosome cercariae. Early treatment of infection with schistosome cercariae kills the Female worms before oviposition. Thus, the host will be protected from the damage caused by schistosome eggs. Promising results were obtained when mice and rabbits received an early treatment with artemether (Art) or praziquantel (Pra). This work was to study the liver infected with cercariae and treated by intragastric gavage (ig) with Art, Art capsule (ArtC) or Pra in early stage after infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Experimental studies on early treatment of schistosomal infection with artemether.

An early treatment with artemether given in appropriate regimens was tested in mice, rabbits and dogs for prevention purposes. Artemether was administered intragastrically (ig) to the hosts on day 7 after infection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae at a single dose, and the same dose of artemether was repeated every 1 or 2 weeks for 2-4 times. As a result, most of the female worms were killed before their oviposition with female worm reduction rates of 90-100%, resulting in protection of the host from damage induced by schistosome eggs. When rabbits were treated ig with artemether 10 mg kg-1 on day 7 after infection, followed by repeated dosing every week for 4 times, some parameters related to acute schistosomiasis, such as temperature, eosinophil count and eggs in the feces were negative, and low specific antigen and antibody levels in serum were seen. Further study showed that the appropriate regimens of Artemether were also effective in early treatment of reinfection with cercariae. When rabbits infected with 48-52 cercariae once every other day for 5 times were treated ig with artemether 15 mg kg-1, followed by repeated dosing every 1 or 2 week for 2- 3 times, the female worm reduction rates were 92.1-98.4%. Histopathological examination of the livers showed that the above-mentioned early treatment with Artemether exhibited a promising protective effect on dogs and rabbits. The major features included normal appearance of the liver resembling those of uninfected dogs and rabbits; few or no dispersed miliary egg tubercles appeared on the surface of the liver; the structure of the hepatic lobules was normal with normal arrangement of the liver bundles; few or no eggs appeared in the portal vein area and there was apparent diminution of total egg granuloma, comprising inflammatory, fibrous or scarred egg granuloma. On the basis of above-mentioned results, early treatment with Artemether could be recommended for field trial for controlling acute schistosomiasis, reducing infection rate and intensity of infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Early treatment of schistosomal infection with artemether and praziquantel in rabbits.

Artemether (Art, beta-methyl ether of artemisinin) first synthesized by Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is effective against not only malaria but also schistosomiasis. When rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae for 7 d were treated ig with Art 10 mg.kg-1, the total worm reduction rates were 74.6-76.7%. If Art (10 mg.kg-1) was given once weekly after the first treatment for 3-4 times, the total worm reduction rate was > 98%, and most of the rabbits were free from female worms. When praziquantel (Pra) was given ig 40 mg.kg-1 to rabbits on d 21 after infection, and repeated once every week for 3 wk, most rabbits showed a total worm reduction rate > 98% with their livers showing normal or mild changes, and their parameters relevant to acute schistosomiasis were negative as compared to the controls. Hence Art and Pra are suggested to be used in field trial for control of acute schistosomiasis or reduction of the intensity of schistosomal infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effects of benzimidazole compounds on mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus.

The effects of mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb) and albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) on metacestodes of Echinococcus granulosus have been studied. The results show that Meb and Alb exhibit less effect on protoscoleces in vitro, but in vivo the protoscolicidal effect of Meb is higher than that of Alb. Both Meb and Alb are efficacious in the treatment of mice infected with secondary cysts of E. granulosus. In terms of the minimal effective dose required, the occurrence of collapsed and shrunk cysts after treatment, the drug-induced damage on the germinal layer and the relationship between the drug content in the cyst wall and the damage of germinal layer, the effect of Meb on metacestodes of E. granulosus is higher than that of Alb. The results also indicated that lower drug absorption rate and thickening of the adventitia during longer disease course are the two major factors affecting the efficacy of Meb and Alb, hence suggesting that increase of Meb absorption may be expected to raise the therapeutic effect of the drug. Finally, Alb is not only metabolized to AlbSo and AlbSP in vivo, but also metabolized by the cysts exposed to Alb in vitro. Experimental chemotherapy showed that AlbSO is the major effective metabolite of Alb, and its curative dose is only one half of the parent compound.

Albendazole↗

PubMed1994

Effect of early treatment of artemether against schistosomiasis in mice.

When artemether (Art) was given ig to mice on the day of infection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae at a single dose of 300 mg.kg-1 and followed by the repeated dosing at 2-3 wk intervals, the total and female worm reduction rates as compared with the control were evident. In mice treated ig with Art on d7 at the same dosage and repeated once every wk for 4 times, the female worm reduction rates were about or over 90%, and part of the animals was free from female worm. Nevertheless, the liver appearance of some treated animals was similar to that of the normal mouse. The results indicated that if Art was given in the early stage after infection, it could be expected to protect the host from schistosomal infection or reduce the intensity of infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Early treatment of schistosomal infection with praziquantel in mice.

The first single dose of praziquantel (Pra) was given ig to mice on the day of infection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae, or 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d after infection. Afterwards, the same dose of Pra was given once at 1-3 wk intervals for 2-3 times. The prophylactic effect was estimated by the reduction of average number of total and female worms, the number of mice without female worm, and the gross change of the liver. When mice were treated with Pra 300-500 mg.kg-1 initially on d 21 after infection and repeated once every 1-2 wk for 2-3 times, almost all the female worms lodged in the host were killed, showing that either the host was protected from the infection of schistosomes or a great decrease in the intensity of the infection resulted.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Effect of mebendazole on glucose uptake of Echinococcus granulosus cysts].

Mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus were treated ig with mebendazole (Meb) 25 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 7-14 d. At 24 h after the last dose the endocysts in the treated mice were removed out for in vitro cultivation and exposed to [U-14C]glucose 11.1 kBq.ml-1 for 2 min, no apparent difference in radioactivity content in the cyst walls between the treated and control groups was observed. When [U-14C]glucose was given iv to the infected mice 24 h after they had been treated ig with Meb 25 mg.kg-1 or 50 mg.kg-1 daily for 14 d, the radioactivity content in the cyst wall and cyst fluid decreased significantly as compared to the corresponding control group. Nevertheless, no apparent change in the incorporation of radioactivity into the endogenous glycogen of the parasites was observed, although the glycogen in the cyst wall decreased markedly.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Effect of arteether on Schistosoma japonicum].

NIH mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae for 3, 7, 14, 21 or 35 d were treated ig either with arteether or artemether at the daily dose of 100-200 mg.kg-1 for 2 d, the efficacy produced by both drugs was similar. The d 7 schistosomules and d 35 adult worms were more susceptible to arteether or artemether with respective worm reduction rates of 77.5%-87.2% and 51.7%-61.3%. Histological and histochemical studies showed that d 7 and d 35 schistosomes, harbored in mice treated with arteether 300 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 2 d appeared in cloudy swelling and vesiculation in the tegument, distension of intestine, apparent decrease or even disappearance of glycogen and inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in the tegument and parenchymal tissues, as well as formation of dead worm granuloma.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Effect of artemether against Schistosoma japonicum].

Artemether (beta-methyl ether of artemisinin) first synthesized by Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences(1), appears in colorless crystal and is more lipid-soluble than artemisinin. When artemether was given ig or im to mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 32-35 d at the dosage of 1/10-1/2 LD50. Its effects in the two administration routes were similar. After artemether 200 mg.kg.d-1 ig or 100 mg.kg-1.d-1 im for 1-2 d was given to mice infected with S japonicum cercariae at different intervals, d 7 schistosomules were more susceptible to the drug with worm reduction rates of 73.9-92.0%. The d 35 adult worms also exhibited susceptibility to the drug and the worm reduction rates were 47.0-70.1%, but less susceptibility to the drug in other developmental stages of schistosomes. The major morphological alteration of adult worms induced by artemether was sustained shrinkage accompanied by atrophy and degeneration of the worm's reproductive glands, eg, the testis in males and ovary as well as vitelline gland in females. The in vitro tests indicated that artemether showed apparent effects on different stages of schistosomes only when a higher concentration of 40 micrograms.ml-1 was used.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Plasma pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel and 4-hydroxypraziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum-infected rabbits after oral, rectal, and intramuscular administration.

The relationship between plasma level and therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) and its major human oxidative metabolite, 4-hydroxypraziquantel (4-OHPZQ), has been investigated in Schistosoma japonicum-infected rabbits using three different routes of PZQ administration. After intramuscular administration (20 mg/kg), the maximum level of PZQ in rabbit cardiac plasma was 1.6 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SD) 30 min after administration. After oral or rectal administration (40 mg/kg), maximum plasma levels were 0.1 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml (oral) and 0.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/ml (rectal). The corresponding maximum 4-OHPZQ concentrations in cardiac plasma were 4.6 +/- 1.8 micrograms/ml (intramuscular), 1.7 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml (oral), and 4.1 +/- 1.6 micrograms/ml (rectal) 2 hr after administration of PZQ. After administration of similar doses, maximum levels of PZQ in plasma from the femoral vein were 29.3 +/- 27.5 micrograms/ml (intramuscular), 0.6 +/- 1.0 microgram/ml (oral), and 0.7 +/- 0.6 microgram/ml (rectal). However, 60 min after intramuscular administration, the maximum PZQ concentration in portal venous blood was only 1.0 +/- 0.6 microgram/ml, which is substantially less than corresponding maximum portal vein levels after oral (6.8 +/- 6.5 micrograms/ml) or rectal (3.7 +/- 4.6 micrograms/ml) administration. Therapeutically, in spite of the 4-6-fold lower levels of PZQ in portal venous plasma after intramuscular administration, adult worm reduction rates in infected rabbits using the above doses were 92.2% (intramuscular), 90.1% (rectal), and 72.5% (oral), respectively, four weeks after treatment. Thus, no direct correlation between levels of PZQ in peripheral or portal venous blood and therapeutic efficacy was observed in rabbits infected with S. japonicum.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1991

[Uptake and release of mebendazole, albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide by secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro].

Mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb) or albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) were taken rapidly in vitro by secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus removed out from mice infected with protoscoleces 8-9 months previously. The amounts of the drugs taken by the cysts were apparently increased followed by exposure of the cysts to the drugs at 10 micrograms.ml-1. The Alb penetrated into the cysts was distributed mainly in cyst wall, whereas the content of Meb in cyst wall was twice as much as that in cyst fluid. The distributions of AlbSO in cyst wall and cyst fluid were similar. When the cysts in the medium were exposed to Alb, some AlbSO and albendazole sulphone were detected in both cyst wall and cyst fluid, indicating that a part of Alb was metabolized by the cysts. In another experiment cysts exposed to the drug for 2 h were transferred to the medium without the drug for another 24 h. The release rates of the 3 drugs from the cysts were alike. In 1-2 h after transfer about 65-70% of the drugs absorbed by the cysts previously were released. Twenty-four hours after exposure the release rates increased to 75-85%, and the release of the drugs from the cyst wall was somewhat faster than that from cyst fluid.

Albendazole↗