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Biomedical subjects

J R Bach

Publications and source records attributed to J R Bach.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparison of high versus moderate intensity.

PURPOSE: To create a maximum tolerated 45-minute aerobic training program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to compare its outcomes with those of commonly prescribed moderate exercise. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: A work physiology laboratory. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The maximum exercise intensities that 7 COPD patients could sustain for 45 minutes were determined on a bilevel exercise ergometer. The patients then exercised 45 minutes daily, 5 days a week for 6 weeks, working 2.03+/-0.4 kJ/kg per session. They were matched with 6 COPD patients who pushed an O2 cart for 45 minutes daily, 5 days a week for 6 weeks, working 1.44+/-.35 kJ/kg per session. RESULTS: A 45 minute maximal regimen was established by alternating 1-minute peak exercise at peak VO2-levels with 4 minutes at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold or at 40% of peak VO2. Maximal bilevel training significantly decreased dyspnea at rest (p< or =.01) and the blood lactate level during submaximal exercise (p<.001), and increased peak VO2 and total physical work (p<.01), maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (p<.01), and grip and forearm strength and endurance (p<.01). The training also increased maximum voluntary ventilation while decreasing the ventilatory equivalent during exercise (p<.001). The O2 cart pushers significantly improved only on the 12-minute walk (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: A maximally intense anaerobic exercise program can be created for most COPD patients that can significantly improve both skeletal and respiratory muscle strength and endurance as well as dyspnea and physiologic parameters.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Spinal muscular atrophy type 1: A noninvasive respiratory management approach.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1 can be managed without tracheostomy and to compare extubation outcomes using a respiratory muscle aid protocol vs conventional management. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Eleven SMA type 1 children were studied during episodes of respiratory failure. Nine children required multiple intubations. Along with standard treatments, these children received manually and mechanically assisted coughing to reverse airway mucus-associated decreases in oxyhemoglobin saturation. Extubation was not attempted until, most importantly, there was no oxygen requirement to maintain oxyhemoglobin saturation greater than 94%. After extubation, all patients received nasal ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. Successful extubation was defined by no need to reintubate during the current hospitalization. RESULTS: Two children have survived for 37 and 66 months and have never been intubated despite requiring 24-h nasal ventilation since 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. One other child underwent tracheostomy for persistent left lung collapse and inadequate home care, another for need for frequent readmission and intubation, and one child was lost to follow-up 3 months after successful extubation. The other six children have been managed at home for 15 to 59 (mean 30.4) months using nocturnal nasal ventilation after an episode of respiratory failure. The nine children were successfully extubated by our protocol 23 of 28 times. The same children managed conventionally were successfully extubated 2 of 20 times when not using this protocol (p < 0.001 by the two-tailed Fisher's Exact t Test). CONCLUSION: Although intercurrent chest colds may necessitate periods of hospitalization and intubation, tracheostomy can be avoided throughout early childhood for some children with SMA type 1.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Maximum insufflation capacity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of deep lung insufflations on maximum insufflation capacities (MICs) and peak cough flows (PCFs) for patients with neuromuscular disease. METHOD: Forty-three patients with neuromuscular disease were trained in stacking delivered volumes of air to deep lung insufflation and were prescribed a program of air stacking once their vital capacities (VCs) were noted to be < 2,000 mL. VC, MIC, and unassisted and assisted PCF were monitored. The initial data were compared with the highest MICs subsequently achieved. For those patients whose MICs only decreased, we compared the initial data with the most recent data. RESULTS: The MICs increased from (mean +/- SD) 1,402 +/- 530 mL to 1,711 +/- 599 mL (p < 0.001) for 30 patients and only decreased for 13 patients. Patients for whom the MICs increased also had a significant increase in assisted PCF from 3.7 +/- 1.4 to 4.3 +/- 1.6 L/s (p < 0.05) despite having somewhat decreasing VCs and unassisted PCFs. CONCLUSION: With training, the capacity to stack air to deep insufflations can improve despite progressive neuromuscular disease. This can result in increased cough effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with neuromuscular disease.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a respiratory muscle aid protocol on hospitalization rates for respiratory complications of neuromuscular disease. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A home protocol was developed in which oxyhemoglobin desaturation was prevented or reversed by the use of noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and manually and mechanically assisted coughing as needed. The patients who had more than one episode of respiratory failure before having access to the protocol were considered to have had preprotocol periods (group 1). Other patients were given access to the protocol when their assisted peak cough flows decreased to < 270 L/min before any episodes of respiratory distress (group 2). The number of hospitalizations and days hospitalized were compared longitudinally for preprotocol and protocol access periods (group 1). In addition, avoided hospitalizations were identified as "episodes" of need for continuous ventilatory support and desaturations reversed by assisted coughing that were managed at home. Data were segregated by access to protocol and by extent of baseline ventilator use. RESULTS: Of the 47 group 1 patients with preprotocol periods who have subsequently had episodes, 10 had episodes before requiring ongoing ventilator use. They had 1.06 +/- 0.84 preprotocol hospitalizations per year per patient and 20.76 +/- 36.01 hospitalization days per year per patient over 3.42 +/- 3.36 years per patient vs 0.03 +/- 0.11 hospitalizations per year per patient and 0.06 +/- 0.20 hospitalization days per year per patient with protocol use over 1.94 +/- 0.74 years per patient. Of these 47 group 1 patients, 33 eventually required part-time ventilatory aid and, using the protocol as needed, had 0.08 +/- 0.17 hospitalizations per year per patient and 1.43 +/- 3.71 hospitalization days per year per patient over 3.91 +/- 3.50 years per patient, as opposed to 1.40 +/- 1.96 hospitalizations per year per patient and 20.14 +/- 41.15 hospitalization days per year per patient preprotocol and preventilator use over 5.89 +/- 6.89 years per patient. Twelve patients in group 1 eventually required continuous noninvasive ventilation and, using the protocol as needed, had 0.07 +/- 0.14 hospitalizations per year per patient and 0.39 +/- 0.73 hospitalization days per year per patient over 5.35 +/- 5.10 years per patient by comparison with 0.97 +/- 0.74 hospitalizations per year per patient and 10.39 +/- 8.66 hospitalization days per year per patient over 2.18 +/- 1.91 years per patient preprotocol and preventilator use. For the 94 patients overall when having access to the protocol, 1.02 +/- 0.99 hospitalizations per year per patient were avoided by 14 patients before requiring ongoing ventilator use over 4.82 +/- 1.61 years, 0.99 +/- 1.12 hospitalizations per year per patient were avoided by 73 part-time ventilator users over 3.21 +/- 3.15 years, and 0.80 +/- 0.85 hospitalizations per year per patient were avoided by 31 full-time ventilator users over 4.78 +/- 4.88 years. All preprotocol and protocol rate comparisons were statistically significant at p < 0.004. CONCLUSION: Patients have significantly fewer hospitalizations per year and days per year when using the protocol as needed than without the protocol. The use of inspiratory and expiratory aids can significantly decrease hospitalization rates for respiratory complications of neuromuscular disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cardioprotection for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To explore the use of neuroendocrine monitoring for more timely diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) and to determine the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and beta-blockers on neuroendocrine levels, left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd), ejection fraction, and mortality rate on DMD. METHODS: Eighty-five patients with DMD underwent yearly cardiac monitoring including neuroendocrine screening. Eleven patients had symptoms of DCM develop once plasma neuroendocrine levels increased. At this point the patients received ACEI for 9 to 62 months (35.8 +/- 18.4 months) and beta-blockers for 7 to 60 months (31.6 +/- 20.1 months). RESULTS: The combination of ACEI and beta-blockers relieved symptoms and signs of heart failure in all 11 patients and significantly reduced atrial natriuretic protein (ANP) levels from 197.5 +/- 152.1 pg/mL to 25.5 +/- 16.2 pg/mL ( P <.002) at 15.5 +/- 8.2 months, brain natriuretic protein from 523.8 +/- 434.8 pg/mL to 59.3 +/- 24. 2 pg/mL ( P <.05) at 12.2 +/- 3.1 months (data complete for 5 patients), norepinephrine levels from 1114 +/- 689 pg/mL to 360 +/- 257 pg/mL at 20.5 +/- 9.6 months for 11 patients (P =.001), and LVDd from 65.9 +/- 9.2 mm to 63.3 +/- 6.3 mm (P =.15) at 15.0 +/- 7.4 months for 10 patients, including 3 for whom the LVDd increased by 2 to 6 mm. The combination increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from 25.1% +/- 9.2% to 36.5% +/- 5.8% (P <.001) at 17.1 +/- 11.0 months for 10 patients. For 9 of the patients ANP levels remained lower throughout the 36.8 +/- 20.1 month course of the follow-up. Two patients had sudden severe re-elevations of ANP levels just before death from congestive heart failure after 44 and 23 months of therapy, respectively. CONCLUSION: Neuroendocrine level monitoring can assist in the diagnosis of DCM in patients with DMD. Combination therapy with ACEI and beta-blockers can significantly decrease neuroendocrine activation and LVDd and reverse symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for patients with DMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with adult motor neuron disease.

Adult motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS]) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord, manifested by upper and lower motor neuron signs and symptoms affecting bulbar, limb, and respiratory musculature. Clinically, the disease course is characterized by progressive weakness, atrophy, spasticity, dysarthria, dysphagia, and respiratory compromise, ultimately resulting in death or mechanical ventilation in the vast majority of patients. Patterns of presentation and pathological features of the disease, along with clinical and electrophysiologic criteria for diagnosis, are discussed in this review. Since 8% to 22% of patients survive more than 10 years without ventilator use, meticulous medical and rehabilitation management is extremely important to ensure optimal health and quality of life in these patients. Major issues in the care of individuals with ALS include weakness and spasticity, impairments in activities of daily living and mobility, communication deficits and dysphagia in those with bulbar involvement, respiratory compromise, fatigue and sleep disorders, pain, and psychosocial distress. Research in ALS changes rapidly, but is currently focused on potential etiologic factors such as glutamate excitotoxicity, role of oxidative stress, autoimmunity to calcium channels, and cytoskeletal abnormalities, as well as related treatment initiatives including glutamate modulators, neurotrophic factors, antioxidants, antiapoptotic factors, and gene therapy. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase were identified in a subset of familial ALS patients. Riluzole, a glutamate antagonist and Na-channel blocker, became the only drug currently approved for treatment of ALS after studies showed a small positive effect on survival. Until a definitive treatment or cure for ALS is found, the multifaceted rehabilitation team approach remains the best hope for improving health and survival in this devastating illness.

Activities of Daily Living↗