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Biomedical subjects

J R Charlton

Publications and source records attributed to J R Charlton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The prevalence of asthma and heart disease in transport workers: a practice-based study.

BACKGROUND: There has been widespread concern that the increasing incidence of asthma observed during the late 1980s might have arisen because of environmental pollution, and in particular vehicle pollution. The General Practice Morbidity Survey in 1991/92 (MSGP4) collected data on occupation, employment status, and smoking habit linked individually to each patient record. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether people with occupations that have high exposure to vehicle exhaust fumes have an increased prevalence of asthma, acute respiratory infections, and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). METHOD: Men aged 16 to 64 years were grouped by Standard Occupational Classification codes; 93,692 employed and 20,858 not-employed men were studied separately. Those with likely high occupational exposure were grouped together ('all-exposed')--the remainder occupations in corresponding chapters of the code were used as controls. We compared 12-month age and smoking standardised disease prevalence ratios for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory infections (IHD), and all circulatory disorders in the all exposed and individual exposed occupations with their matching controls. Also the mean frequency of consultations per person consulting was calculated for each occupational group and disease. RESULTS: For employed persons, the prevalence ratio (PR) for asthma in the all-exposed, (116, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 101-130) exceeded that for all employed persons (100); however, the difference compared with chapter-matched controls (PR = 97, 95% CI = 92-103), was not statistically significant. Results for COPD were similar. Prevalence ratios in motor mechanics, a high-exposure group, were 98 (95% CI = 70-127) 96 (95% CI = 70-123) for asthma and COPD respectively. Among the employed, prevalence ratios for IHD in all but one of the individual occupation groups examined did not differ from the average, however among those not employed the ratio in the all-exposed (PR = 152, 95% CI = 128-174) exceeded that in the controls (PR = 112, 95% CI = 104-120). CONCLUSION: Occupational groups exposed to motor vehicle pollution have a marginally increased prevalence of asthma compared with working males generally, though not compared with occupation matched controls. This study has demonstrated a methodology for using GP data to examine occupation-related disease. This could be used in future by augmenting GP data with occupation and smoking information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Morbidity and healthcare utilisation of children in households with one adult: comparative observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and consider differences in morbidity in children in households with one adult presenting to general practitioners compared with children in households with more than one adult. DESIGN: Observational study; data analysed with logistic regression controlling for age, sex, and practice. SUBJECTS: 93 356 children aged 0-15 years included in the fourth national study of morbidity in general practice and for whom data about household structure were available. Among them 10 983 (11.8%) were living in households with a sole adult. METHODS: Morbidity data were recorded from each consultation as the assessment diagnosis made by the general practitioner. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of consultations and consultations per person for any illness, infections, acute respiratory infections, asthma, and accidents; number presenting and mean consultations per person for immunisation; number receiving home visits and home visits per person visited; average annual frequency of consultation among those consulting. RESULTS: Compared with children in other households, a higher proportion of children in households with one adult consulted for infections and accidents. The proportion consulting for immunisation was lower and the proportion receiving home visits greater. Mean numbers of consultations per person consulting were also generally higher for all conditions. For infections, accidents, and home visits, the differences were evident in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the importance of single parent families as an indicator of deprivation. Children in such families should be targeted for immunisation and accident prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A physiological classification of viridans streptococci by use of the API-20STREP system.

Physiological reactions of viridans streptococci were examined by the API-20STREP system and a selection of conventional tests. Cluster analysis of these results produced a classification similar to a taxonomic scheme based on that of Colman and Williams. The organisms could be divided into the six recognised species--Streptococcus mutans, S. bovis, S. mitior, S. sanguis, S. salivarius and S. milleri. Analysis confirmed that S. mitior and S. sanguis can be distinguished in the API-20STREP test by hydrolysis of arginine but not by dextran production. Although S. mutans, S. mitior and S. sanguis can be divided into two further subgroups, the taxonomic significance of this is unclear. With this means of classification, most organisms could be identified easily by a small number of tests. API-20STREP is convenient for performing physiological tests on viridans streptococci, but the information provided by the manufacturers in regard to identification and nomenclature is in need of revision.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Unemployment and mortality: a small area analysis.

It has been claimed that unemployment affects the health and thus the mortality of the unemployed, their families, and other members of their communities. This paper examines the relation between mortality and the unemployment experiences of small areas which vary in the extent to which their unemployment levels have changed in recent years. Quarterly numbers of unemployed, classified by age, sex, duration of unemployment, and unemployment office for 1977-81, have been aggregated to correspond to Family Practitioner Committee areas (FPCs), for which population and mortality data had been collected for a different study. There was little variation in long term (greater than 6 months) unemployment trends prior to July 1980, but subsequently there were large variations between FPCs in the rate of increase in unemployment rates. Mortality data for suicide, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all causes were examined for the period 1975-83. When the mortality trends of FPCs with different unemployment experiences were compared, no statistically significant differences in trends were found, although areas with greater increases in unemployment appeared to have slightly worse mortality trends for suicide, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and total mortality for men in the younger age groups. If changes in the level of unemployment do have an effect on changes in trends in mortality levels, this effect is not of sufficient magnitude to be statistically significant with the sample available, in spite of the fact that it included the whole of England and Wales.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of physicians' use of medical resources in ambulatory settings.

We studied British general practitioners' use of ambulatory resources to determine whether the quantities of different resources used were related to each other, and whether these quantities were associated with their personal characteristics. Rates of laboratory requests, referrals for specialty opinion, prescriptions, and visits per patient per year were examined for 21 physicians in seven practices over one year. Physicians who more frequently saw their patients referred and prescribed for them more often and ordered more tests, once the number of years they had practiced was taken into account. Doctors who ordered more tests referred their patients more frequently, regardless of how often they saw them. Doctors longer in practice saw and prescribed for their patients more frequently. Resource use was not related to other personal characteristics we studied. Greater frequency of patient-physician contact appears to increase costs not only through use of more professional time but also through greater use of other ambulatory resources. Attention to the use of only one type of resource may result in a distorted picture of how physicians care for their patients and the costs that such care incurs.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1987

Hay fever treatments--which should be tried first?

A series of comparative trials on nine popular and pharmacologically distinct regimens for the treatment of hay fever was undertaken in the course of normal general practice in the pollen seasons of 1981-83. One hundred and forty doctors recruited 640 patients to assess the overall usefulness of the treatments on daily diaries. ;Usefulness' was scored on a linear analogue scale weighing up the degree of hay fever symptoms during treatment, side effects and ease of use of the preparation.The regimen with the highest overall usefulness score was beclomethasone diproprionate with sodium cromoglycate eye drops (Beconase and Opticrom). Although the score was not significantly higher than those for methylprednisolone acetate (Depo-Medrone), astemizole (Hismanal) or terfenadine (Triludan), Beconase/Opticrom scored significantly better than mequitazine (Primalan), chlorpheniramine maleate (Piriton), sodium cromoglycate nasal insufflation with xylometazoline/antazoline eye drops (Rynacrom and Otrivine-Antistin) and azatadine maleate (Optimine). Beconase/Opticrom was first in rank order with respect to all the other regimens for the treatment of both mild and severe hay fever. Dimethothiazine (Banistyl), also shown to be useful, has since been withdrawn from prescription.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Some international comparisons of mortality amenable to medical intervention.

A series of outcome indicators was proposed for assessing the curative aspects of health care using several diseases for which evidence suggested that death was largely avoidable provided that appropriate medical treatment could be given in time. International data were examined for those causes for which data were readily available. Time trends in mortality were compared for each of these conditions for six countries that had experienced appreciable growth in health services during 1950-80. Mortality from the heterogeneous "avoidable" causes had declined faster than mortality from all other causes in each of the six countries. Despite problems of diagnosis, reporting, and classification of diseases that may have existed among countries, making international comparisons of absolute mortality difficult, the trends of declining mortality were similar, lending credibility to the use of these causes of mortality as indices of health care within countries. Changes within countries may also have been attributable to changes in social, environmental, genetic, and diagnostic factors, which were not examined. Nevertheless, the consistency in mortality trends for this group of "amenable" diseases suggested that improvements in medical care were a factor in their rapid decline.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Psychosocial support and change in the health status of physically disabled people.

Evidence is presented on the relationship between psychosocial support (social contact and emotional intimacy) and changes in health status (physical, psychosocial and emotional functioning) experienced by 583 adults age 45-75 years living at home with a preexisting physical illness. Data were used from a panel study of physically disabled adults in London, England to provide a test of the buffer and direct effects hypotheses concerning social support and adverse life events. Controlling for age, sex and initial level of health status, the analyses showed that a low level of social contact was associated significantly with deterioration in psychosocial and emotional functioning only in the presence of adverse life events. A similar but non-significant pattern existed for physical functioning. A high level of social contact had a more protective effect on the physical functioning of respondents with arthritis or heart trouble who also reported depression, except among women age 45-64. Level of emotional intimacy was not a significant influence on reported health status change. Confiding relationships do not appear important for adults with preexisting illnesses who are not at significant risk of developing stress-related conditions. Social participation outside the home would help to reduce deterioration in psychosocial and emotional functioning, important outcomes for improving and maintaining quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Area variation in mortality from diseases amenable to medical intervention: the contribution of differences in morbidity.

Several conditions, whose timely and appropriate therapy should decrease case fatality, have been proposed as indicators of medical care quality for the National Health Service. Mortality rates for these diseases vary widely within the UK. To evaluate the contribution of varying incidence rates to these mortality differences, routinely collected morbidity and mortality data for 1974-1978 were analysed for 98 Area Health Authorities (AHAs) in England and Wales. Although differences in morbidity (as measured by hospital discharge and disease registration rates) and socioeconomic factors account for some of the area variation in mortality, significant heterogeneity persists after these factors are taken into account. This finding suggests that morbidity and socioeconomic factors are not the only determinants of mortality variation among areas for these particular diseases. Variation in quality of medical care may account for this result, although regional diagnostic and reporting differences and variation in disease severity among areas must also be considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

Illness, disability, and drugs among 25 to 75 year olds living at home.

A survey in a London borough showed that 15% of adults living at home were restricted in one or more areas of their lives because of illness. A sample of these adults aged 25 to 75 years was interviewed using a validated medical questionnaire, and the severity of their restrictions was also assessed using a separate instrument. Many symptoms were found which had not been reported to a doctor and many were not being treated. When the disability scores were regressed on symptoms classified as reported to a doctor, unreported, or absent, with a few exceptions it was the reported symptoms that were significantly associated with disability. Similarly, when symptoms were classified as treated (by doctor or respondent), untreated, or absent, treated symptoms were associated with disability. Some disabling symptoms were similar to the effects, mainly adverse, of commonly prescribed drugs, and these symptoms were reported more frequently by respondents taking the possible offending drug than by those not taking the drug. It appears that making general practitioners aware of unreported and untreated symptoms among their 25 to 75 year old patients will not reduce the overall level of disability in the community. However, the iatrogenic component of disability needs to be studied further.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Is the Jarman underprivileged area score valid?

A recently published validation of an underprivileged area score, which is intended to reflect factors that increase general practice workload or pressure on their services, was incomplete; a validation based on criteria other than the opinion of general practitioners is also required. Areas with higher mortality from diseases where general practitioner intervention can reduce mortality substantially are likely to have a greater need for general practice services. Similarly, the need for general practitioner services should be higher where the incidence of such treatable conditions is higher. This paper describes the association between Jarman's score and (a) mortality from causes that are amenable to general practice intervention and (b) incidence of two diseases where general practice intervention is important. Using these data the score appears to have external criterion validity and thus is likely to reflect, at least crudely, the need for general practitioner services.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1985

Case history questionnaires in the study of doctors' use of resources. Are they measuring what we want?

A set of 15 self-administered case histories were developed, each consisting of a short case followed by a standard format on which desired tests were checked. After pilot testing the case histories within a group of doctors, the authors selected the ten cases with the highest item-total correlations that also provided a broad clinical spectrum. Using a different group of 19 doctors, test-ordering on the questionnaire was compared with actual test-ordering in clinical practice. Questionnaire test-ordering did not reflect practice behavior; in fact, the relationship tended to be inverse (r = -0.43: P less than 0.10). Adjusting for case-mix variation by including only those practice cases with diagnoses similar to questionnaire cases did not improve its performance (r = -0.50: P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that test-ordering on case history questionnaires may not reflect actual practice behavior. Conclusions about test-ordering behavior and management strategies to alter it should not be based on results from questionnaires that have not been validated against actual practice.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of ambulatory test ordering for hypertensive patients in the United States and England.

We compared British and American patterns of ambulatory testing for chronic uncomplicated hypertensive patients by examining test use for 351 American patients cared for by 30 community-based internists in Massachusetts and 511 British patients cared for by 18 general practitioners in Greater London. For each of 13 tests examined, utilization was equal or higher for American patients. Significantly more ECGs, chest roentgenograms, plain roentgenograms (other than chest roentgenograms), blood cell counts, urinalyses, cervical cytological tests, barium enema examinations, and intravenous pyelograms were ordered. Differences ranged from four to 40 times higher in the United States. This investigation documents a marked difference in test use. Further study is needed to determine whether the conservative use of diagnostic services adversely affects patient outcomes or represents a more cost-effective form of care.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1984

Influence of patient characteristics on test ordering in general practice.

Information regarding all consultations was collected in seven general practices for one year. From these data we report on the use of laboratory tests and its association with patient characteristics--including social class, age, sex, and diagnosis--and with which doctor was consulted. Most of the requests were for technically simple tests of low cost. There was a noticeable variation in the use of tests with regard to all patient characteristics. Diagnosis, identity of doctor, age of patient, and social class were each shown by multivariate techniques to be independently related to use of tests. Whereas fewer tests were used per consultation for social classes III-V compared with other social classes, more were used per patient per year for these same groups, reflecting in part the higher consultation rates of social classes III-V. Variation in diagnoses fully accounted for the greater test ordering for women. Nearly two thirds of all tests were ordered for 10% of all patients who consulted and 7% of all registered patients. The results of our analysis suggest that this concentration is determined primarily by those patient characteristics most indicative of medical need and by which doctor is providing care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The value of conventional views and radiographic magnification in evaluating early rheumatoid arthritis.

Fifty-four patients with suspected early rheumatoid arthritis had radiographs taken of their hands and wrists in 4 views (posteroanterior [PA], oblique, reverse oblique, and Brewerton) using conventional techniques and, in the PA view, using radiographic magnification. The radiographs were "masked" and presented in random order to 2 radiologists specializing in bone and joint radiology who interpreted them for malalignment, erosions, joint space narrowing, and soft tissue swelling. The PA was the best conventional view for demonstrating malalignment, joint space narrowing, and soft tissue abnormalities; the Brewerton view was better for detecting erosive disease. Radiographic magnification was more sensitive than conventional films for evaluating erosive disease, but otherwise was no better than the conventional PA view. These results help the physician choose the radiologic technique or combination of techniques that is most likely to detect specific abnormalities.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1984

Social networks and psychosocial support among disabled people.

Analysis of the network characteristics and nature of social ties among physically disabled people living in an inner London borough showed network size rather than network type was related to the availability of psychosocial support, reflecting the important role of both related and non-related people in the provision of this form of support. The study also questioned three commonly held assumptions. Firstly, in contrast to the image of physically disabled people as lacking social ties, those with a high level of disability, although having a lower level of social contact outside the household than other groups, did not differ significantly in other aspects of their network structures and support. Secondly, in contrast to the characterisation of inner city areas as relatively homogeneous and as lacking locally based ties, the inner London area studied comprised a variety of network types with a large proportion of respondents deriving support from people living in close proximity. Thirdly, whereas the presence of household members, and especially a spouse, tend to be equated with the availability of strong emotional support, considerable numbers of married people lacked such support. This suggests measures to promote psychosocial support need to be fairly broadly based and cautions against using marital status as a proxy measure of support.

Adolescent↗