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Biomedical subjects

J R Lodge

Publications and source records attributed to J R Lodge.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Timing of insemination in dairy heifers.

Data representing 676 AI of 372 virgin dairy heifers during 1984 to 1987 at the University of Illinois were analyzed by analysis of variance to determine the effect of timing of AI on conception rate. Standing to be mounted, bawling, and attempting to mount were the three criteria used for determining the presence of estrus. More than 90% of the observations were conducted by one herdsperson between 0700 and 1600 h daily. Heifers were artificially inseminated with frozen semen from 58 bulls by one of two technicians. Conception rate on first AI was 56%, determined by return to estrus or 33- to 50-d rectal palpation for pregnancy. Conception rate to second and later AI was near 40%. Eighty-six percent of the heifers conceived during the trial. The average interval between first observation of standing estrus and AI was 10.5 h; the range was 15 min to 33 h. The model discussed contained six variables: time interval between first observation of standing estrus and AI (group), breed, sire within breed, year bred, season bred, and inseminator. The analysis of variance of conception to first AI showed timing of AI and service sire as the two most significant effects. Conception to first AI was worst when AI occurred 13.5 to 33 h after first observation of estrus. No factors considered were significant sources of variation for second or later AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of in vitro storage of bovine spermatozoa on acrosomal integrity, proteolytic activity, binding, and initiation of penetration of oocytes.

During a 10-day 5 degrees C storage and subsequent 4-6-hr 37 degrees C incubation, both percent live spermatozoa and percent spermatozoa with an intact acrosome decreased, and percent spermatozoa with a late-reacted or without an acrosome increased. When stored spermatozoa were mixed with oocytes, no decrease in percent of oocytes with spermatozoa bound or percent of oocytes with spermatozoa starting to penetrate occurred as storage time increased. A 58% decrease in acrosin gelatinolytic activity and a 56% decrease in acrosin esterolytic activity but no decrease in nonacrosin proteolytic activity were evident over the 10-day storage. These studies show that a change in acrosomal morphology as well as a loss of acrosin may be responsible for the decreased fertility following extended in vitro storage of mammalian spermatozoa.

Acrosin↗
PubMed1987

Interactions of aged gametes: in vitro fertilization using in vitro-aged sperm and in vivo-aged ova in the mouse.

A study of varying combinations of in vitro-aged sperm and in vivo-aged ova at 3 hr intervals from 0-24 hr resulted in failures at different steps of the fertilization process during in vitro fertilization of mouse ova. Significant decreases caused by sperm aging, ova aging, and sperm X ova aging interaction were found in sperm penetration. Pronuclear formation was not affected by sperm aging and was enhanced by ova aging, and there was a significant effect of sperm X ova aging interaction. Sperm aging significantly influenced the prometaphase stage of the fertilization process. Therefore, it is suggested that the detrimental fertilization effects resulting from aging gametes are due to different mechanisms in sperm and ova, that these mechanisms are affected at different times, and that they affect different steps in the fertilization process.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

A simplified fertility test in the dairy bull utilizing superovulated dairy cows.

Dairy bull fertility level has received less attention than production transmitting ability. A simplified fertility test may be beneficial. A study was designed to test the use of tris-(1-aziridinyl)-phosphine oxide (TEPA) treated sperm, which arrests early cell division of the fertilized egg, in heterospermic insemination of superovulated cows. Semen samples were collected and pooled from University of Illinois dairy bulls. Semen samples were washed once, suspended in Illini Variable Temperature diluent (IVT) and incubated with or without TEPA (1.0 to 5.0 mg/ml) for 15 min. Samples were then washed again to remove excess TEPA. Additions of 1.0 to 5.0 mg/ml TEPA to sperm concentrations of 8 x 10(8) sperm/ml had no adverse effect on motility or morphology. The first part of the study utilized superovulated cows inseminated with treated (six cows) or untreated (six cows) sperm in different samples from the same bulls. Secondly, superovulated cows (eight cows) were artificially inseminated with treated and untreated split ejaculates from the same bulls. Lastly, superovulated cows (five cows) were heterospermically inseminated with treated (bull No. 1) and untreated (bull No. 2) spermatozoa. Out of 54 and 39 ova recovered in control and test cows, 40 blastocysts and 31 embryos arrested at the one- to five-cell stage resulted, respectively. Out of a predicted 123 ovulations, 78 fertilized ova were recovered; 40 of these were fertilized by control spermatozoa and 36 by TEPA-treated spermatozoa for parts one and two of the study respectively. These results indicated no significant difference in fertilizability of ova between control and TEPA-treated spermatozoa. Of 41 fertilized ova recovered (part 3), bull No. 1 fertilized significantly more ova (mean +/- standard deviation 5.0 +/- 2.3) than bull No. 2 (2.6 +/- 1.8). Results indicate a difference in fertility between bulls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Postpartum oxytocin treatment for prevention of retained placentas.

Some dairymen are attempting to reduce the incidence of retained placentas in their herds by routinely injecting oxytocin following parturition. Since there was little or no experimental evidence to support such a practice, a study was designed to test the influence of early postpartum oxytocin injection on the incidence of retained placentas. The study was designed so that every other cow in the University of Illinois dairy herd would receive an intramuscular injection of 100 IU oxytocin within three to six hours following calving. If the animal expelled the membranes before three hours she was placed in the control group. Two hundred cows calved during the one year study. In the 100 cow control group, twelve cows retained their fetal membranes whereas in the 100 cow treated group eight retained the placenta.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Influence of season on timed inseminations of dairy heifers synchronized by prostaglandin F2 alpha.

Sixty-six cycling Holstein heifers were given two injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha (25 mg intramuscular) at an 11-day interval. Average time of first observation of estrus differed little between July (55.7 +/- 5.3 h) and December, 1980 (50.6 +/- 5.1 h). Heifers were inseminated artificially at either 65 or 80 h following the second injection of prostaglandin. Synchronized heifers inseminated at 65 h had a higher conception rate in July (9/18; 50%) than in December (3/15; 20%). However, heifers inseminated at 80 h had a similar conception rate in July (9/18; 50%) and in December (8/15; 53%). Progesterone in blood serum was measured prior to the second prostaglandin F2 alpha injection before insemination and on day 21 postbreeding. Averages of progesterone for the 65-h group were 3.91 +/- .48, .39 +/- .07, and 3.80 +/- .76 ng/ml in July and 4.25 +/- .44, .33 +/- .08, and 3.91 +/- .63 ng/ml in December for the three collections. Averages for the 80-h group were 3.62 +/- .28, 1.06 +/- .56, and 3.60 +/- .65 ng/ml in July and 2.17 +/- .35, .22 +/- .07, and 2.77 +/- .43 ng/ml in December. An influence of season on response to prostaglandin and timed inseminations in dairy heifers may affect estrus behavior and conception rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Milk progesterone for pregnancy diagnosis in dairy goats.

Factors affecting progesterone concentration in milk of lactating dairy goats and use of this milk for pregnancy diagnosis were studied. Radioimmunoassay was used to assay progesterone in milk. Mean milk progesterone (ng/ml) +/- standard errors of 6 pregnant does for first, composite, and last milk were 9.9 +/- 2.0, 18.2 +/- 3.5, and 21.7 +/- 4.1. Correlation between milk fat and progesterone in composite milk was low (.11). Composite milk samples from 4 nonpregnant does were obtained daily throughout the estrous cycle. Milk progesterone (ng/ml) was 1 to 2 at estrus, rose to 5 to 12 within 2 to 5 days, reached a plateau at 15 to 25 in the middle of the estrous cycle, and then dropped to low concentrations again at 3 to 5 days before the next estrus. Milk progesterone also was used to diagnose pregnancy in 72 does. Forty-two does were diagnosed pregnant by high progesterone; 36 of these does later produced kids, and 5 other does aborted in various stages of pregnancy. Of 21 does diagnosed not pregnant with low progesterone, 19 does were not pregnant by either return to estrus or lack of parturition in the spring. All three incorrectly diagnosed does were problem breeders. Nine does with intermediate milk progesterone were classified questionable. Milk progesterone can be used to provide an early indication of the pregnancy status of does.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Influences on progesterone concentration in bovine milk.

Factors affecting progesterone concentrations in milk of lactating dairy cows were studied and discussed as they pertained to pregnancy diagnosis. Adding a preservative to milk allowed storage at room temperature for 10 days with no effect on progesterone analysis. Progesterone content in first, composite, and last milk was associated with fat content, although correlation between progesterone concentration in composite milk and fat percentage was low. Variation was considerable in individual samples for each of the milk fractions. Day of the estrous cycle was the most important factor affecting progesterone concentration in milk from cycling cows. Samples for pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone should be collected near the time that nonpregnant cows are expected to return to estrus. Progesterone concentration in milk from pregnant cows remained high throughout gestation with progesterone concentrations similar to those in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine as factors in pregnancy.

Use of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the fetus, such as low birth weight, congenital anomalies, or even death. Recent epidemiologic and animal studies indicate that these drugs may exert their effect by a number of metabolic and endocrine mechanisms, which are described here.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1977

The spermatozoan genome and fertility.

The strategy for effective reproduction by eliminating genetically unbalanced gametes during spermatogenesis and transport varies in degree of success within as well as among species, but in no animal has it been reported to be completely effective. In the human subject, for example, it is estimated that one in every 50 ejaculated spermatozoa is genetically abnormal. The causal basis of these anomalies is poorly understood. Meiotic accidents, environmental mutagens, and gamete senescence in utero are all implicated. However, many of these abnormal cells are fertile. This fact plus the weight of the evidence reviewed suggest that fertility differences among males which cannot be ascribed to measurable differences in semen characteristics reflect, in large part, the increased opportunity of nuclear defective gametes in the semen of some males to effect fertilization. The elimination of embryos arising from eggs fertilized by genetically defective spermatozoa through spontaneous abortions, although biologically costly, must be viewed as the final check for the elimination of genetic detritus of the species.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1977

Caffeine and pregnancy. A retrospective survey.

A population group consisting of 800 households of women who recently had been pregnant was surveyed to determine the level of consumption of a variety of beverages. Three fourths of the subjects were Mormon. Of a subgroup of 16 women identified as having an estimated daily intake of caffeine of 600 mg or greater, 13 had experienced a reproductive loss in the form of spontaneous abortion (eight) or stillbirth (five), two had given birth to premature infants, and only one had had an uncomplicated delivery. An inordinately high rate or reproductive loss also was noted in 13 households where the man's estimated daily intake of caffeine was greater than 600 mg. A cause-and-effect relationship cannot be determined by this type of retrospective study, but physicians should keep in mind the possibility that an excessive intake of caffeine may be a factor in otherwise unexplainable spontaneous abortion or perinatal mortality.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1977

Selected beverage consumption patterns among Mormon and non-Mormon populations from the same geographic location.

This study presents data from a mail questionnaire survey designed to determine the daily beverage consumption patterns of Mormon and non-Mormon households in Utah and southern Idaho. Mormons differed significantly from their non-Mormon counterparts in both their low intake of coffee, tea, and beer, and increased daily consumption of milk and water. A high percentage of Mormons adhere to Church doctrin in their beverage intake habits and the results would appear to substantiate previous preliminary studies of the dietary habits in this religious group.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The spermatozoon.

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Adenine Nucleotides↗