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Biomedical subjects

J R Stabenau

Publications and source records attributed to J R Stabenau.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Heredity and environment in schizophrenia, revisited. The contribution of twin and high-risk studies.

Life history study of monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for schizophrenia led to the 1967 hypothesis that phenotypic schizophrenia was an expression of genotypic vulnerability interacting with prenatal and/or perinatal environmental experience. This report is a selected review of partial answers to five questions facing research efforts that have attempted to clarify the interactive gene-environment model of schizophrenia. Follow-up study of the offspring of MZ twins with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and their MZ co-twins without schizophrenia demonstrated equal rates of schizophrenia; hence, each group of offspring carried equal genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia. Magnetic resonance imaging study of MZ discordant twins found that phenotypic schizophrenia was characterized by brain ventricular enlargement and hippocampal reduction in 87-93% of the schizophrenic twins, when compared with their nonschizophrenic co-twins. A longitudinal study of teenage children at differential risk for schizophrenia showed that brain ventricular enlargement in adulthood correlated significantly and positively with genetic risk for schizophrenia and number of perinatal complications, and negatively with birth weight. Significantly greater dysmorphological hand skin signs among schizophrenic MZ twins when compared with their nonschizophrenic co-twins have suggested an in utero second trimester fetal developmental abnormality for the schizophrenic subjects. Simultaneous neuroanatomic, neurophysiological, and neurocognitive evaluation of MZ twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia demonstrated decreased prefrontal physiological cerebral blood flow activation during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for affected twins correlated with decreased hippocampal volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. These neurocognitive studies have suggested that schizophrenia involves neocortical-limbic pathology and dysfunction implicated in performance of cognitive tasks requiring working memory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Is risk for substance abuse unitary?

The hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary was tested by a log linear regression analysis. A series of risk factors was evaluated in a sample of 219 nonhospitalized, nontreated, young male and female subjects. Risk for alcohol abuse/dependence was independent of risk for drug abuse/dependence and the risks were additive in the prediction of lifetime substance abuse. Antisocial personality diagnosis predicted alcohol abuse/dependence, family history of drug abuse predicted drug abuse/dependence, and, additively, they predicted alcohol and drug abuse/dependence diagnosis over a lifetime. These data support a hypothesis that risk for substance abuse is not unitary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Additive independent factors that predict risk for alcoholism.

Pedigree and adoption studies have supported a genetic heterogeneity model for alcoholism. Lifetime alcoholism diagnosis in medical-surgical inpatients was reported to increase additively with the presence of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) diagnosis, male gender and family history of alcoholism (FHA). These three risk factors have been shown to have separate genetic transmission. This study tested the predictive strength of these factors in a prospective sample of untreated, nonhospitalized young male (n = 98, mean = 25.2 years) and female (n = 121, mean = 25.5 years) offspring of alcoholic (n = 131) and nonalcoholic (n = 88) parents. NIMH-Diagnostic Interview Schedule items were used to diagnose blindly DSM-III alcohol or drug abuse or dependence. No alcohol- or drug-related behavioral items were used in ASP diagnosis. Parental alcoholism was rated using proband information and Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. ASP, then gender and finally FHA but not age were significant predictors of DSM-III alcoholism. The log linear analysis improvement chi square was significant at p less than .05 for each variable and the overall goodness of fit of the model was substantial (chi 2 = 13.3, p = .78). Prediction of lifetime alcohol abuse/dependence rates for young adults in a prospective sample was highly significant. These three factors with separate genetic vulnerability increased risk over a lifetime. Male gender increased the risk for alcoholism 1.5 times, FHA 1.5 times and ASP diagnosis 3 times in an independent and additive manner.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Minimal brain dysfunction and neuropsychological test performance in offspring of alcoholics.

Previous studies have indicated that alcoholics report a high frequency of problem behaviors in childhood. Additionally, certain neuropsychological deficits are often evident. Both childhood problem behavior and antecedent neuropsychological deficits have been suggested as risk factors for the later development of alcoholism. However, neither set of variables nor their interrelationship have been previously investigated in a sample at high risk for the development of alcoholism. In this study, unaffected offspring of an alcoholic parent and unaffected offspring of nonalcoholic parents were examined. Although attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and conduct disorder prior to age twelve predicted the onset of drinking, the frequency of childhood behaviors was similar in both groups. Further, the neuropsychological performances of the high-risk and low-risk samples were also similar and within normal limits. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Alcoholism in men patients subtyped by family history and antisocial personality.

Alcoholism is known to be a familial disorder and the presence of a family history of alcoholism is recognized as an important variable in alcoholism research. The course and consequences of alcoholism in a group of men alcoholics are examined in relation to family pedigree for alcoholism. Consideration was also given to antisocial personality, a variable that may underlie and contribute to a positive family history of alcoholism. The presence of antisocial personality affected the course of alcoholism to a greater extent than having a positive pedigree for alcoholism. On the other hand, having a pedigree positive for alcoholism was more important in explaining the consequences of alcohol misuse than antisocial personality. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Implications of family history of alcoholism, antisocial personality, and sex differences in alcohol dependence.

In this study of 210 male and female alcoholic inpatients, significant associations were found 1) between antisocial personality diagnosis and early onset of all stages in alcohol dependence; 2) between bilineal family history of alcoholism and greater frequency of the consequences of impaired control, withdrawal symptoms, and the pathologic symptoms associated with chronic alcoholism; and 3) between being female and older at onset of the initial, but not final, stages of alcoholism and having more symptoms associated with chronic alcohol use. Antisocial personality, type of family history, and sex of the proband were not interactive but contributed separate additive effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Family pedigree of alcoholic and control patients.

The focus of this study was on the patterns of appearance of alcoholism in the families of two groups: 90 male and female alcoholic inpatients and 30 control psychiatric inpatients. Results indicated that there was at least one first-degree- or one second-degree-relative family member who was diagnosed as alcoholic in 78% of the male alcoholic proband families and in 75% of the female alcoholic proband families. Prevalence of alcoholism for first- and second-degree relatives was similar. Thus, this pedigree study supports the genetic transmission hypothesis for alcoholism and suggests that "assortative mating" may have an effect on the transmission of alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The nature of alcoholism in patients with different family histories for alcoholism.

1. The course and consequences of alcohol abuse were examined in male and female patients being treated for alcoholism. 2. Demographic characteristics, family history for alcoholism, psychopathology, drinking history and social and physical consequences of alcohol abuse were assessed. 3. Probands with alcoholism on both the maternal and paternal sides of their pedigree experience greater psychosocial and physical consequences of alcohol abuse than other alcoholic patients. 4. Sex of the proband and type of family pedigree for alcoholism were found not to be interactive but to contribute separate additive effects.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

Genetic and other factors in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses.

The major psychoses have been investigated for genetic and environmental etiological factors for over two centuries. Recent emphasis has been placed on a genetic (diathesis) environmental stress model. For schizophrenia, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses, research evidence from psycho-biological studies, family, pedigree, twin, and adoptee studies has provided sufficient data from diagnostic and follow-up studies and new psychopharmacological research that for these three major psychoses a strong necessary but not sufficient basis for genetic causation exists. This review attempts to summarize existing data into a hypothesis that suggests that two separate gene pools of polygenic nature relate to the development of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness and that schizo-affective illness may result from genetic transmission from each of these separate gene pools. The hypothetical model for each psychosis proposes that polygenetic inheritance affects different central nervous system neuroanatomical sites in the human which are in homeostasis as to catecholamine neurotransmitter regulation of the psyche. With sufficient environmental stress, an "imbalance" occurs in the neural integrative systems which produces phenotypically the three separate psychotic behavioral syndromes of schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and schizo-affective psychosis.

Adoption↗
PubMed1975

3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) in ventricular and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of dogs.

Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from the lateral ventricles and cisternal space from beagle dogs under light pentobarbital anesthesia. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglyco-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) levels in the liquor taken from these two regions were evaluated, and the ventricular-cisternal ratio (V/C) was calculated for each monoamine metabolite. A marked similarity in the V/C ratio of 6:1 for 5-HIAA and 5:1 for MOPEG-SO4, as compared to a much higher V/C ratio of 18:1 for HVA, perhaps reflects the more diffuse distribution of norepinephrine and serotonin, precursor amines, as compared to dopamine in the CNS and also emphasizes the probable existence of an active transport mechanism for the removal of MOPEG-SO4, as has been well documented for 5-HIAA and HVA.

Animals↗