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Biomedical subjects

J Rau

Publications and source records attributed to J Rau.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Mechanisms and prevention of windsurfing injuries].

Aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms of windsurfing injuries. For this purpose we performed a internet based survey among 327 windsurfers in Germany. Overall 630 accidents have been registered among all 327 athletes during the 2000 season. The majority of injuries were classified as minor injury. The most common injury was the bruise. 70 participants reported fractures, 26 participants ruptured a ligament. 280 injuries required medical treatment; in 67 cases even surgical treatment was necessary. The majority of accidents happened at wind power of 5-6 Beaufort after 2 hour exercise. A technical mistake was the most frequent cause for the accident. The most dangerous manoeuvres were difficult jumps (e. g. front loop, backward loop, 70 injuries). In 46 cases the weather conditions were underestimated. Only 10 windsurfers reported about broken material as cause for the injury. One half of the injuries happened in wave conditions. The analysis of injury mechanisms allows conclusions regarding injury prevention. A longer break after 60 minutes windsurfing might help to prevent injuries due to poor physical fitness. After one hour windsurfing without a break training of difficult manoeuvres should not be performed. The use of a helmet might prevent head injuries during training of difficult jumps. "Overpower situations" should be prevented by choosing the right board and sail size.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Enhanced anaerobic degradation of polymeric azo compounds by Escherichia coli in the presence of low-molecular-weight redox mediators.

The effects of the redox mediator lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) on the ability of Escherichia coli to reduce anaerobically polymeric azo compounds were analysed. Two types of polymeric azo compounds were tested, that have been proposed as putative tools for the site-specific targeting of drugs to the colon. The first group of polymers consisted basically of linear chains of polymethacrylic acid or polymethylmethacrylate which were interrupted by subunits of 4,4'-bis(methacryloylamino)azobenzene. These polymers differed significantly in their hydrophilicity according to the relative proportion of polymethacrylic acid used for the polymerization procedure. The second group of polymers consisted of almost water-insoluble poly(ether-ester)azo polymers that were composed of 4-(6-hydroxyhexyl)oxy-phenylazobenzoate and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoate. The addition of lawsone to the anaerobically incubated cultures of E. coli resulted in a pronounced increase in the reduction rates of the water-soluble poly(methacrylate-co-4,4'-bis(methacryloylamino)azobenzene) and in a much smaller, but significant, increase in the reduction rates of the hydrophobic poly(ether-ester)azo polymers. An increase in the amount of azo groups resulted, for the hydrophobic poly(ether-ester)azo polymers, in an increased reduction rate in the presence of the redox mediator lawsone.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2000

The function of cytoplasmic flavin reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteria.

A flavin reductase, which is naturally part of the ribonucleotide reductase complex of Escherichia coli, acted in cell extracts of recombinant E. coli strains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions as an "azo reductase." The transfer of the recombinant plasmid, which resulted in the constitutive expression of high levels of activity of the flavin reductase, increased the reduction rate for different industrially relevant sulfonated azo dyes in vitro almost 100-fold. The flavin reductase gene (fre) was transferred to Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6, a bacterial strain able to degrade naphthalenesulfonates under aerobic conditions. The flavin reductase was also synthesized in significant amounts in the Sphingomonas strain. The reduction rates for the sulfonated azo compound amaranth were compared for whole cells and cell extracts from both recombinant strains, E. coli, and wild-type Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6. The whole cells showed less than 2% of the specific activities found with cell extracts. These results suggested that the cytoplasmic anaerobic "azo reductases," which have been described repeatedly in in vitro systems, are presumably flavin reductases and that in vivo they have insignificant importance in the reduction of sulfonated azo compounds.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1997

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a new solvent.

UNLABELLED: Pain on injection is the most commonly reported adverse event after propofol injection. In a randomized, cross-over study in two groups of 12 healthy male volunteers (24-42 yr), we compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two new propofol formulations (1% and 2% concentrations) in a fat emulsion consisting of medium- and long-chain triglycerides with the standard propofol formulation. After a single intravenous bolus injection of 2 mg/kg, propofol blood levels were measured for 24 h and evaluated according to an open three-compartment model. The derived pharmacokinetic variables were not different among formulations. Additionally, electroencephalographic recordings of the onset and duration of hypnotic action were comparable with all formulations. After propofol 1% in the new formulation, fewer volunteers reported severe or moderate pain on injection (9%) than after the standard formulation (59%) (P < 0.05). We attribute this result to a lower concentration of free propofol in the aqueous phase of the new formulation. IMPLICATIONS: Changing the composition of the carrier fat emulsion for propofol does not have an impact on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of propofol, but it promises to provide better patient acceptance by lowering the incidence of moderate and severe pain on injection.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of oral antihistamine premedication on mivacurium-induced histamine release and side effects.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we have examined histamine release, haemodynamic and cutaneous effects of mivacurium administered in low (0.105 mg kg-1 = 1.5 x ED95) and high (0.21 mg kg-1 = 3 x ED95) doses and assessed if oral pretreatment with H1/H2 antagonists would blunt the effects of mivacurium-induced histamine release. Patients received either ranitidine 300 mg and dimethindene 0.1 mg kg-1 (H1 blocker) or placebo, orally 1 h before induction of anaesthesia. Twelve patients were allocated to each group. Although plasma concentrations of histamine increased significantly in three patients in the placebo group given low-dose mivacurium, the mean value for the group was unchanged. Plasma concentrations of histamine increased significantly in five patients in the placebo group after high-dose mivacurium and the mean value was increased. There was no consistent correlation between haemodynamic changes, cutaneous manifestations and histamine concentrations. Significant cardiovascular reactions occurred in six patients in the placebo groups and in only one patient treated with antihistamines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Reducing pain during propofol injection: the role of the solvent.

We hypothesized that the concentration of propofol in the aqueous phase may be the most important variable responsible for the pain experienced during injection of the drug. The concentration of propofol in the aqueous phase (18.57 micrograms/mL) can be decreased by increasing the fat content of the solvent. To test this hypothesis, 36 patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups, each receiving a different formulation of propofol. Group A received 20 mL of propofol alone in a commercial preparation (Diprivan(R) with 10 mL of saline); Group B, 20 mL of propofol to which 5 mL of long-chain triglyceride (LCT) fat emulsion and 5 mL of saline and been added; and Group C, 20 mL of propofol and 10 mL of LCT fat emulsion. The propofol emulsion was injected over 30-60 s into a dorsal vein of the hand. Patients reported pain during injection as none, mild, moderate, or severe (almost intolerable). In Group A, 8 of 12 patients reported moderate or severe pain upon injection whereas in Group C only mild pain was reported by 6 of 12 patients. Our results suggest that a smaller concentration of propofol in the aqueous phase of the emulsion reduces pain on injection. With the addition of more lipid (10 mL), a higher percentage of propofol is absorbed by fat particles. If solvents that permit a smaller concentration of the drug in the aqueous phase of oil-in-water emulsions were used for propofol and other drugs that cause pain on injection, pain would be reduced and patient satisfaction may be increased.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Physician satisfaction with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis B virus testing in San Diego County.

Physician satisfaction with the laboratory testing process is one indicator of the physician's perception of the quality of laboratory testing and the effectiveness of the communication of the laboratory results. This study compares the level of satisfaction of physicians reporting their experience with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) testing with the satisfaction levels of those physicians reporting their experience with hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing. By mail, 6,570 licensed San Diego County physicians were surveyed. Among those who tested for HIV-1 or HBV, their satisfaction with four different HIV-1 or HBV testing parameters was assessed: 1) specimen submission process, 2) test accuracy, 3) clarity of test report, and 4) turnaround time. Overall, physician satisfaction with both HIV-1 and HBV testing was high, particularly for test accuracy (means of 2.79 and 2.84, respectively on a 3-point scale), although slightly lower for turnaround time (means of 2.40 and 2.43, respectively). Mean satisfaction with the specimen submission process and test accuracy were higher for physicians who ordered HBV tests than for those who ordered HIV-1 tests. Satisfaction with the four HIV-1 testing process parameters varied significantly by physician specialty, practice type, and type of laboratory used. For HBV testing, significant differences were observed only for turnaround time. For both HIV-1 and HBV testing, those who received a final interpretation of laboratory results were more satisfied with test report clarity than those who did not. Although physician satisfaction with HIV-1 and HBV testing is high, this study identifies the least satisfied groups and specific areas in the testing process than may need improvement.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1983

Survival time in cystinosis. A collaborative study.

In a retrospective study the overall survival time of 205 cystinotic patients of six countries was determined. The median survival time was 8.5 years. The median time for 'renal death' (age at death due to uraemia or age at starting renal replacement therapy) was 9.2 years. The youngest patient dying of renal death was 5.2 years. No sex difference in survival time was noticed. Furthermore no difference in survival time was noted between the different countries. The analysis of the overall survival curve indicates no clear differences between the infantile and adolescent types of cystinosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Pacemaker's twiddler syndrome (author's transl)].

This report demonstrates the results of five observation of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome, which will not necessarily end in the complete malfunction of the pacemaker unit. Therefore we classify the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome as a partial and a complete form. The partial form is characterized by still effective cardiac stimulation, whereas the complete form can not stimulate the heart muscle because of the retracted electrode. Also methods of early detection and prevention of the Pacemaker's-twiddler-syndrome are discussed.

Aged↗