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Biomedical subjects

J Rodin

Publications and source records attributed to J Rodin.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Weight cycling and fat distribution.

Interest in factors that promote a more abdominal fat distribution has arisen because a higher waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) has been linked to several major health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In the present study we asked whether weight variability, produced by repeated cycles of weight gain and loss, influenced fat distribution toward a more abdominal pattern in premenopausal women. It was found that a higher WHR was significantly associated with a higher degree of weight cycling, controlling for age and parity. A significant association between BMI and WHR was found only in those subjects who were weight cyclers. In addition, number of pregnancies was also associated with a higher WHR. These findings suggest that repeated bouts of weight loss and regain may promote abdominal adiposity and consequently, may contribute to long-term health risks.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Stimulus-induced eating when satiated.

Two studies investigated factors that promote the desire for food when people are not energy depleted. In Study 1, 20 male and female subjects, tested under conditions of either hunger or satiety, were exposed to one of two palatable foods (pizza or ice cream) and then given more of that food to eat. Operationally-satiated subjects still ate pizza or ice cream, and the sight of these foods enhanced reported desire for them. The amount of these foods consumed was predicted by the subjects' self-reported desire for the food. In Study 2, 28 male subjects were fed to satiety, then primed with either pizza or ice cream (or not primed at all) and then given both pizza and ice cream to eat. Results showed that a brief taste of a desirable food enhanced its intake relative to the other, equally-preferred food. The data are discussed in the context of the effects of priming as a form of appetite whetting. Also, it is suggested that our operations for eliciting stimulus-induced eating in sated subjects may be useful for future examinations of the psychological properties of craving.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Modulation of behavioral and insulin responses by contextual stimuli paired with food.

A context-like conditioned stimulus (CS) previously paired with a food unconditioned stimulus (US) enhanced both food-related activity and insulin secretion in rats. Experiment 1 documented the effectiveness of an appetitive conditioning procedure in which a 10 sec visual CS ("x") was followed by food when embedded within one 35 sec auditory CS ("A"), but not another ("B"). Approach to a food magazine during x was enhanced (facilitated) when x was within A, as compared to within B or alone. Experiment 2 documented the adequacy of blood sampling and insulin assay procedures that could be accommodated to the conditioning procedure. Plasma insulin was observably different after unconditioned deliveries of glucose solutions of different intensities. In Experiment 3, training as in Experiment 1 was followed by testing for food magazine approach and changes in insulin levels following x alone or in the presence of A or B. It was demonstrated that the A cue enhanced both responses. The results support the view [e.g., (18,19)] that insulin secretion is in part under the control of environmental cues, and findings (22) that show that conditioned context-like cues can modulate consummatory responding to punctate CSs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Identifying eating patterns in male and female undergraduates using cluster analysis.

Although there is substantial research on eating patterns, little effort has been paid to developing a classification of eating behavior applicable to the general population, rather than to people seeking help for obesity or eating disorders. Using cluster analysis, this study identified six types of eating patterns among normal volunteers. One hundred and sixteen females and 70 males completed a questionnaire concerning weight history, food intake patterns, use of satiation cues, and attitudes toward weight gain. Subjects also completed the Restraint Scale (Herman & Polivy, 1975). Height and weight were measured. Factor analysis reduced the questionnaire to nine internally reliable and meaningful scales; these were then entered into a K-means cluster analysis of subjects. Of the six clusters, two represented mild forms of disordered eating, two could be considered to represent more regulated eating styles, and two were distinguished by differential sensitivity to internal satiation cues. Construct validity of clusters was explored against gender, degree of overweight and scores on the Restraint Scale. Discussion focuses on the values of a cluster analytic technique to identify multidimensional patterns of food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Psychological features of obesity.

The study of obesity from a variety of psychological perspectives has been exciting and inventive, although we still do not understand fully the role of psychological variables in the etiology of obesity. Many of the factors thought to be of etiologic significance--field dependence, lack of impulse control, inability to delay gratification, or a maladaptive eating style--have not been supported by experimental evidence. Other factors once thought to be of importance as causes of obesity, depression and dysphoria, for example, appear, instead, to be consequences of being obese and may serve to maintain and intensify weight-related problems. Dieting behavior in response to weight concerns appears, perversely, to be implicated in increasing overweight and adiposity. Finally, arousability in response to food cues in the environment may play a causal role in some obesities.

Eating↗
PubMed1989

Styles of self-nurturance and disordered eating.

This study explores the relation between self-nurturance and disordered eating. Both structured questionnaires and forms requesting open-ended descriptions of themselves and their parents were administered to bulimic (n = 18), dieting restrainer (n = 20), and nonrestrainer (n = 20) women. The use of food-related and non-food-related forms of nurturance was assessed, as were subjects' reactivity to positive and negative events, levels of dependency, self-criticism, and efficacy. Factor analysis of the various scales yielded three factors: Non-Food-Related Self-Nurturance, Negative Reactivity, and Food-Related Self-Nurturance. The results indicated that bulimics were less likely to nurture themselves in non-food-related ways and derived a greater percentage of their total self-nurturance from food than both restrainers and nonrestrainers. The results also indicated that bulimics engaged in a greater degree of negative self-criticism and reactivity to negative events than nonrestrainers. Differences between bulimics and restrainers are explored in detail. The results are discussed in relation to self-nurturance and its implication for the treatment of bulimia.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Health psychology.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Weight cycling in female rats increases dietary fat selection and adiposity.

The effect of repeated food restriction-refeeding (weight cycling) on macronutrient selection and adiposity was investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were maintained on ad lib macronutrient self-selection and were put on one of two types of restriction. One group was reduced to 75% of their body weight on restricted amounts of chow and a second group was given ad lib chow during the concurrent period and were voluntarily hypophagic. During refeeding on macronutrient self-selection, animals previously restricted selected a higher percentage of dietary fat, had larger adipose depots and plasma insulin values, and had lower heart weights both expressed in grams and as a percentage of body weight than non-restricted groups. This suggests that both severe and moderate periods of restriction may have negative health consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Interindividual and intraindividual variation in repeated measures of 24-hour dietary recall in the elderly.

While several studies have examined the validity of the 24-hour recall as a method for assessment of dietary intake in older people, none has examined the components of variability of dietary data obtained from the 24-hour recalls of older adults. The ability to detect differences in group means, and estimates of correlation and regression coefficients, are all reduced when intraindividual (within-subject) variability in a measure is large in comparison to interindividual (between-subject) variability. The present study considered the components of variance of four 24-hour diet recalls taken bimonthly, for 220 adults whose mean age was 72 years. Two components of variability were estimated for 23 nutritional variables: an interindividual (between-subjects) variance component and an intraindividual (within-subjects) variance component. The ratio of intraindividual to interindividual variance differed substantially as a function of the nutritional parameter being assessed. Methods are presented for determining the number of dietary recalls needed to keep the attenuation of correlation and regression coefficients within a specified level. Power calculations for the test of equal means in two independent groups are also presented.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic effects of fructose and glucose: implications for food intake.

Differential effects of fructose and glucose preloads on carbohydrate metabolism and later food intake were examined in both lean and obese subjects. In study 1, a preload of either 50 g of fructose or glucose was administered in solution, and food intake at a buffet lunch presented 2.25 h after preload was assessed. Significant differences in caloric intake were observed between load conditions with the fructose group consuming fewer calories than the glucose group. Obese subjects demonstrated significantly greater insulin responses to the preload compared with lean subjects, and insulin levels of obese subjects at 15, 30, and 45 min after preload were found to correlate significantly with amount consumed. Incorporation of fructose or glucose into a mixed meal format in study 2 revealed no differences in subsequent caloric intake as a function of either type of preload or percent overweight. Differing insulin levels are discussed as a possible mechanism for differential food intake.

Eating↗
PubMed1988

A longitudinal study of depressed mood and sleep disturbances in elderly adults.

Previous studies have suggested that depression might be more strongly related to sleep disturbances in older than in younger individuals. However, few of these studies have simultaneously considered variables other than depression that have been demonstrated to influence the sleep of elderly persons, and none has examined the relationship between depression and sleep longitudinally. The present study examined the association between frequency of depressed mood, using the Depression Adjective Checklist (DACL), and self-reports of four sleep problems over a 3-year period in a sample of community-residing elderly persons. Results showed that frequency of depressed affect was related positively to sleep disturbance, even when subjects' age, gender, and health status were considered simultaneously. Early morning awakening was the sleep symptom that most consistently related to depressed mood over the course of the study. Poor health and female gender showed positive but less consistent relationships to the sleep complaints than depressed affect. Research on biological mechanisms underlying the disturbed sleep of elderly depressed individuals is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

The relation of stress and family environment to atopic dermatitis symptoms in children.

The relation of stress and family environment to symptom severity in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) was examined. Forty-four children with severe AD and their families completed questionnaires measuring life events, chronic everyday problems and family environment. Measures of symptom severity were collected during medical evaluation and included an estimate of body surface affected by AD, course of AD symptoms over time, medication usage, and scratching intensity during the day and night. Regression analyses indicated that the measures of stress and family environment were important predictors of symptom severity even after controlling for demographic and medical status variables such as age and serum IgE level. These results have important implications for health care professionals working with children who have AD. Future research directions in the area of stress and AD are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Weight change following smoking cessation: the role of food intake and exercise.

While much of the interest in the relationship between weight change and smoking cessation has focused on weight gain, several studies have also reported weight loss or no change. To assess determinants of the direction of weight change, this study followed middle aged smokers from before to after their participation in various local smoking cessation programs. Measures included caloric consumption, available macro- and micronutrients in the diet, taste sensitivity and hedonics, smoking behavior, mood and exercise patterns. Smoking status was confirmed by determination of salivary cotinine levels. Subjects who successfully stopped smoking could be divided in those who gained weight and those who showed no change or lost. These subjects were compared to those who continued smoking and could be divided into the same weight categories. Subjects who gained weight after cessation did not consume more calories but ate somewhat less protein and significantly more carbohydrate than quitters whose weights did not change. Percentage of calories as sugar, in particular, was increased. Regardless of weight change, subjects who stopped smoking showed increased preference for sweet taste. Subjects who gained weight engaged in significantly less aerobic activity than those who did not.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1987

Effects of fructose and glucose preloads on subsequent food intake.

To determine how the nutrient content of one eating event might affect amount consumed at the next, we evaluated whether equicaloric fructose and glucose preloads differentially influence subsequent food intake. Subjects consumed 50 g of glucose or fructose in 500 ml of water or water alone and were given a "buffet" containing a variety of foods two and a quarter hours later. Subjects in glucose conditions ate, on the average, 252 X 7 calories more than subjects in the water condition, who in turn ate, on the average, 225 X 9 calories more than subjects in the fructose condition. The fructose and glucose preloads did not differentially affect the amount eaten of different types of nutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein). This study, employing several sensory and cognitive controls, suggests that type of nutrient ingested, in and of itself, plays a role in determining subsequent intake for humans. The data are discussed in terms of possible physiological mechanisms that might account for these effects.

Appetite↗
PubMed1987

Failure of genetically selected miniature swine to model NIDDM.

Ten young adult miniature swine from a line reported to be genetically selected for glucose intolerance and eight normal controls were obtained from Colorado State University. They were consecutively exposed to 4 mo of a high-fiber, low-fat standard swine diet; 4 mo of a high-sucrose, high-fat, low-fiber diabetogenic diet; and 4 mo of excess diabetogenic diet for obesification. Results of oral glucose tolerance and intravenous insulin tolerance tests conducted at the end of each regimen were compared. Hyperglycemia was not observed in any animals after any manipulation. Insulin sensitivity was also not influenced by diet. We conclude that F7 low-K miniature swine from this colony fail to model human non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Animals↗