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Biomedical subjects

J S Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to J S Bailey.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

An analysis and reduction of disruptive behavior on school buses.

Thousands of children are injured or killed each year in school bus accidents. A significant number of these tragic incidents is precipitated by disruptive child behavior that distracts the drivers from their difficult task. Two experiments were conducted which addressed this problem. For both experiments an automated sound recording device (referred to as a Noise Guard) selectively responsive to frequencies above 500 Hz (i.e., unresponsive to bus drone) recorded both the duration and frequency of noise outbursts above a tolerable threshold. Additionally, an observer made in situ measurements of other disruptions including roughhousing and getting-out-of-seat. In the first experiment, following baseline measurements of these behaviors, middle-school students received feedback for noise outbursts. That is, when "Noise Guard" was activated, it in turn operated one of several lights on a panel visible to all passengers. Each day students were allowed to listen to high-appeal taped music while riding the bus and to participate in a raffle for prizes, provided the number of outbursts on the preceding day remained below a specified criterion indicated on the light panel. This intervention resulted in drastic reductions of noise outbursts with a concomitant reduction in other disruptive behaviors. Comparable results were obtained in the second experiment which eliminated the raffle from the intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Sampling of broiler carcasses for Salmonella with low volume water rinse.

The uneven distribution and low numbers of salmonella usually present on broiler carcasses make whole carcass rinsing the most sensitive sampling procedure for detecting this organism on the raw product. However, 270 ml of water or medium has been the smallest volume used in past published research. We found that 100 ml was adequate to recover Salmonella typhimurium, S. california, or S. montevideo from freshly processed broiler carcasses that had been inoculated with the organism at the rate of 50 cells/carcass. When carcasses were inoculated with 20 cells or S. heidelberg, then stored at -23 C for 3 or 6 months, sampling with 100 ml was adequate to detect the organism on all carcasses. The advantages of using the smallest volume of rinsing medium that will consistently lead to detection of salmonella present are: 1) less enrichment medium is required, 2) less incubator space is required, and 3) the concentration of cells in the selective enrichment medium at the end of incubation is greater; hence, the greater are the chances of salmonella detection when a drop is subsequently transferred to the selective plating medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Cefamandole as a prophylactic in cardiac surgery.

140 cases of patients requiring sternotomy incisions were divided into two groups receiving Penicillin/Flucloxacillin and Cefamandole prophylaxis. Pre- and post-operative and bypass circuit bacteriology was performed to determine the extent of contamination and infection with each regime after operations lasting 7 or more hours. Unexpectedly high contamination of the respiratory tract was observed in patients receiving Penicillin/Flucloxacillin prophylaxis. Significantly higher Slesser Intensive Therapy Unit stays were observed in 8 of these patients, 3 of whom succumbed to chest infection associated pathology. The 50% resistant organism rate in the Cefa group (Table IV) suggests that short sharp course prophylaxis (i.e. less than 48 hours) using wide spectrum antibiotics is effective and does not necessarily promote emergence of resistant organisms over or above that of any narrow spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis. Acceptably low wound infection rates in both groups suggests that wound healing (aided by iodine sprays topically before closure) is more dependent on closing technique than on type of antibiotic prophylaxis. The very similar bacteriaemia rates, with odd organisms, in both groups in the immediate post-operative period suggests that vigilance and frequent post-operative blood cultures are a surer policy in the prevention and treatment of early endocarditis than faith in any particular antibiotic prophylaxis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1979

Effects of pulmonary circulation on blood levels of insulin and glucagon in ambulant dogs.

The effect of the lung on insulin and glucagon were studied by comparing aortic and mixed venous levels in ambulant dogs with indwelling catheters. In the resting state ther was no difference for either hormone. After injection of insulin aortic levels exceeded mixed venous for 10 min; mixed venous levels exceeded aortic for the next 36 min. After injection of glucagon mixed venous levels consistently exceeded aortic. Single-pass studied showed an apparent gain in immunoreactive insulin as compared with [14C]inulin and 125I-albumin during passage through the lung; but no effect on glucagon could be demonstrated. A loss of immunoreactive hormone across the lung might be explained by degradation within the capillary lumen be endothelial cell surface peptidases or uptake onto specific receptors. The apparent gain of immunoreactive insulin across the lung might be due to displacement of immunoreactive exogenous hormone competing for receptor sites or modification of exogenous hormone by the lungs with increase in immunoreactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Phosphate and heat treatments to control Salmonella and reduce spoilage and rancidity on broiler carcasses.

Broiler chicken carcasses were inoculated with about 300 cells of a naladixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium, then treated for 3 min with highly agitated water with or without 6% phosphate added, at 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 C. Other broiler carcasses were inoculated with about 60 cells, then similarly treated at 65 or 70 C. All carcasses were chilled after the hot water treatment in a system simulating commerical chilling. When inoculum was 300 cells, at least 5% of the carcasses remained contaminated with Salmonella, even when hot water treatment was at 90 C. When inoculum was 60 cells, Salmonella were eliminated by hot water treatment at 65 or 70 C. Carcasses showed a partially cooked appearance after hot water treatment. Total bacterial counts on carcasses treated at 70 and 90 C, with or without added phosphate, and then chilled were lower than on control carcasses throughout storage at 2 C for up to 26 days. Phosphates did not consistently or significantly affect either Salmonella survival or total bacterial counts. Oxidative deterioration as measured by the thiobarbituric acid test was significantly retarded throughout 26 days of storage by the addition of 6% phosphate to a 70 or 90 C hot water treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Teaching pedestrian safety skills to young children: an analysis and one-year followup.

Twenty-four elementary school children in grades K-3 participated in a study to teach six street-crossing skills: (1) wait at curb, (2) look all ways, (3) watch vehicle distance, (4) walk, (5) continue to look, and (6) use crosswalk. The effects of an instructional package implemented on the street corner were evaluated using a multiple-baseline design across two groups of six children at each of two schools. Rapid acquisition of pedestrian skills was evident at both schools. Average skill levels improved from 44% during baseline to 97% after training at School A and from 21% to 86% at School B. Data taken at a second street at each school were used to assess setting generality of safety behaviors. A one-year followup of 14 children indicated that pedestrian safety skills either maintained at high levels or could be quickly recovered from intermediate levels after remedial training. This research represents a first step in the solution of just one of the many community problems involving safety-deficient settings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Measuring client gains from staff-implemented programs.

Confidence in the adequacy with which staff implement training programs requires an analysis of the impact on the client. In two experiments, measures, were devised to reflect this impact. In the first, a measure of the consistency with which clients participated in a toilet-training program revealed their participation to be erratic. Consistent participation occurred after a public display of the consistency of participation was introduced. In Experiment II, detailed measures were devised to reflect the client's performance during the implementation of two physical-therapy programs: range-of-motion and ambulation. Additionally, standardized measures of the benefits that accrued from their participation in these programs were devised. Improvements in both measures were slight and unstable during a condition of immediate feedback (supervisor praise) to staff but substantial improvements were obtained with the addition of a public display of the client's performance.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

The reduction of stealing in second graders using a group contingency.

Three clases of second graders served as subjects in this study of the effects of two types of intervention programs upon stealing: (1) an antistealing lecture with no specific contingency implied, and (2) a direct group contingency applied, whereby children were rewarded with (a) extra free time for no thefts, (b) allowed normal free time if stolen items were returned, and (c) punished with lost of free if stolen items were not returned. A multiple-baseline design across the three classes showed the group contingency to be effective in reducing stealing behavior; the anti-stealing lecture was ineffective.

Child↗
PubMed1977

The modification of leisure behavior in a half-way house for retarded women.

A multi-element baseline design combined with a multiple-baseline design, was used to investigate the effect of availability of materials, prizes for participation, and instruction on the leisure behavior of 14 mentally retarded women in a half-way house. A leisure program was conducted on weekday evenings, during which residents could choose to participate in any of six activities offered: puzzles, card games, clay, painting, weaving and rug making. It was found that instruction in weaving and rug making significantly increased the percentage of residents participating in these activities, and that following instruction, prizes were not necessary to maintain high levels of participation. In contrast, prizes were more effective than mere availability of materials in maintaining participation in the other activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

A multi-element analysis of the effect of teacher aides in an "open"-style classroom.

Open classrooms with few rules, individualized instruction, and informal class organization present new problems for the application of behavior principles. The effects of three types of teacher aides on student achievement and on-task behavior were studied. Each was compared with a standard no-aide condition. Subjects were 54 third graders in two "open"-style classrooms. The three types of aide, helping adult, disciplinary adult, and helping fifth-grade aide, were compared in a multi-element design with a no-aide control. The helping-adult aide significantly affected the academic output of the class, when compared with the no-aide condition. All aide conditions produced more academic work and on-task behavior than did the standard no-aide condition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Behavioral community psychology: training a community board to problem solve.

This study demonstrated the effect of training nine lower socio-economic adults participating as policy board members in a federally funded rural community project to make behaviorally defined statements to increase problem-solving behaviors in board meetings. A multiple-baseline design across subjects and skills was used to analyze the behavioral categories of: (1) stating the problem; (2) finding solutions to the problem, and (3) implementing the action to the solution. Problem-solving responses during board meetings increased for subjects following training and remained higher than baseline during follow-up.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Westminster hospital computer system User attitudes.

Development of computer-assisted patient monitoring began at Westminster Hospital in early 1971. The system handles fluid balance measurements from data input to the system by keyboards, and automatically monitors cardiovascular measurements made by standard bedside monitors. Various graphical outputs are available on visual displays at the bedside to assist in the care of the patients, and as hard copy to replace the "traditional" nurses charts. The system was designed to assist the nurses in their daily tasks, and much of its initial success is believed to be due to the "user oriented" design philosophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Cross-age tutoring: fifth graders as arithmetic tutors for kindergarten children.

Five fifth-grade students tutored five kindergarten children in basic arithmetic skills for 7.5 weeks. A control group consisted of five kindergarten children who received no tutoring and were matched with the experimental group in arithmetic ability. Pre-, mid-, and posttesting was done using a skills-based arithmetic test. Results showed that the experimental group made far greater gains than the control group on a posttest comparison (matched pairs signed ranks test p = 0.062). In addition, a subanalysis of specific arithmetic skills showed they were improved only when tutoring for that skill was carried out. Systematic observations made of the tutor-student interactions indicated wide tutor-to-tutor variability in the percentage of student responses praised, and very little use of negative, disapproving statements. It was concluded that trained fifth-grade students can effectively teach basic arithmetic skills to kindergarteners.

Achievement↗
PubMed1974

Reward versus cost token systems: an analysis of the effects on students and teacher.

The effects of reward and cost token procedures on the social and academic behavior of two groups of elementary special-education students were assessed using a reversal design. Behavioral observations of three target subjects in each group revealed that both procedures were about equally effective in reducing rule violations and off-task behavior. Records kept on the daily arithmetic performance of all subjects showed that output doubled in both groups during the token phases, although accuracy remained unchanged. When students were allowed to choose either contingency, no pattern of preference was established. Small differences were found in teacher behavior: the reward procedure led to an increase in approval comments but cost procedures produced no changes in teacher behavior.

Achievement↗
PubMed1973

Social punishment in the modification of a pre-school child's "autistic-like" behavior with a mother as therapist.

The mother of a 3-yr-old girl who showed "autistic-like" behavior was cued via an FM wireless microphone systematically to approve and disapprove of her child's behavior. After baselines were taken on two categories of problem behavior (Pre-Academic and Social Behavior), the social contingencies were applied successively to each category. The Pre-Academic task was quickly established in the child when the mother applied these social contingencies. This result was replicated with requests for social interaction. In the final phase, cueing was withdrawn from both situations and the mother was able to maintain the child's improved behavior. An analysis of the mother's behavior suggested that her increased use of social punishment for inappropriate behavior was the key factor in the child's increasing responsiveness. Follow-up seven months later indicated that the improvements maintained.

Journal Article↗