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Biomedical subjects

J S Boyd

Publications and source records attributed to J S Boyd.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Ultrasonographic study of early embryonic loss induced by Actinomyces pyogenes in cattle.

Four cows were inoculated into the uterus with Actinomyces pyogenes between 30 and 41 days of gestation. Gross morphological changes were monitored by rectal palpation and with a realtime B-mode two-dimensional scanner with a 7.5 MHz transrectal linear transducer, shortly before infection and afterwards at three to 12 hours intervals. Two control groups of cows 27 to 50 days pregnant were used: two cows were inoculated with 6 ml of sterile saline into the uterine lumen and four cows were treated with cloprostenol (prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue). There was a change in the uterine fluid from a black, non-echogenic image before infection to a grey or cloudy echogenic image as early as 21 hours after infection. There was an increase in the thickness of the endometrium of the horns and body of the uterus. The embryonic membranes thickened and separated from the endometrium as early as four hours after infection, followed by cessation of the embryonic heart beat, opening of the cervix and abortion. Abortion was followed by an increase in the amount of echogenic intrauterine fluid leading to an increase in the size of the uterus, and the cervix remained open for at least eight days. The area of the corpus luteum remained greater than 2 cm2 throughout the whole period. Intrauterine inoculation with sterile saline had no effects, but the administration of cloprostenol was followed by the death of the embryo and abortion within 72 hours, and the regression of the corpus luteum from greater than 2 cm2 at treatment to 0.4 cm2, 24 hours after abortion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of endocrine changes and ultrasound as means of identifying ovulation in the bitch.

Twenty bitches were monitored through pro-oestrus and oestrus using both circulating plasma hormone levels and ultrasonic examination of the ovaries. Using luteinising hormone (LH) as being the generally accepted optimum indicator of the day of ovulation, comparisons were made of the accuracy of progesterone and ultrasound to identify ovulation. Progesterone agreed with LH in 12 of 20 bitches and was within one day in seven of the other eight. Ultrasound was less accurate in that only four of the 16 estimates agreed, with a further six being within one day. However, if only the bitches which were examined by ultrasound with the latest equipment were included, while only three of 11 coincided, six of the remaining eight were within one day of the LH estimated ovulation. It is concluded that, at present, of the rapid assessments, the measurement of plasma progesterone is a better estimator of ovulation than ultrasound.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Early abortion in cattle induced by experimental intrauterine infection with pure cultures of Actinomyces pyogenes.

Actinomyces pyogenes from a case of endometritis was used to study the effects of infection of the bovine embryo between days 27 and 41 of pregnancy. From 10(9) to 10(10) washed organisms were introduced into the uterine lumen of four pregnant cows. Two pregnant cows were inoculated with sterile saline and four pregnant cows were treated with cloprostenol. Embryonic death and abortion followed 29 to 144 hours after the inoculation of the live bacteria. The aborted embryos were macerated or clearly degenerating and yielded profuse pure cultures of A pyogenes. Abortion was accompanied by a sustained increase in uterine tone, opening of the cervix, presence of vaginal pus and a vulval discharge and the persistence of the corpus luteum for at least eight days after abortion. Intrauterine inoculation with saline did not affect pregnancy, but embryonic death, abortion and regression of the corpus luteum occurred 66 to 72 hours after the treatment with cloprostenol. The results suggest that A pyogenes is a primary pathogen and is capable of causing embryonic death and abortion.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1991

Ovulation, fertilization and early embryonic development in the bitch (Canis familiaris).

Using circulating plasma hormone estimations, ovulation was monitored in bitches. The results obtained indicate that the timing of ovulation bears little relationship to alterations in sexual behaviour. The bitches were killed and reproductive tracts were removed at various intervals after ovulation and ova or embryos were recovered. The embryo stages were assessed visually and some were investigated histologically. Embryonic development, to early blastocyst stage, took place within the oviducts during the first 12 days after ovulation and there was a marked increase in size between the early and late blastocyst. A culture system using cells from the uterine tube supported the development of one 1-cell embryo to the morula stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in Northern Ireland 1980-1989.

To 31st December 1989, 71 persons are known to have attended medical practitioners in Northern Ireland with a diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Twenty-one of these persons have had the diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and 11 have died. The distribution of reports in the "at risk" categories of homosexual/bisexual males, injecting drug users, heterosexual males and females was significantly different (p less than 0.001) from those reported in the United Kingdom as a whole. Of tests for HIV infection carried out in patients attending the genitourinary medicine department of the Royal Victoria Hospital between 1987-1989, 0.16% have been positive. The prognostic value of the T4 lymphocyte count at presentation for the subsequent development of AIDS was significant (p = 0.0011). The commonest AIDS indicator disease diagnosed was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia which was seen in seven of the 21 patients (33%).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of real time B-mode ultrasound scanning for detecting early pregnancy in cows.

A real time B-mode ultrasound scanner with a 7.5 MHz rectal linear transducer was used in two trials to detect whether dairy cows, less than 25 days after insemination at standing oestrus, were pregnant. In the first trial 17 cows were inseminated on the same day, and their reproductive tracts were examined 14, 15, 16 or 17 days after insemination. All the cows were diagnosed accurately as either pregnant or not pregnant. In the second trial 22 cows were inseminated on the day of observed oestrus while 14 were observed at oestrus but not inseminated. The animals were kept as a mixed group and an experienced operator scanned the uterus of each cow on one occasion, without knowing either the dates of observed oestrus or which cows had been inseminated. The rate of correct diagnosis was only 33 per cent in cows up to 16 days after oestrus, but increased markedly after 17 days and was 100 per cent by day 20.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Knowledge of HIV infection and AIDS, and attitudes to testing and counselling among general practitioners in Northern Ireland.

All 922 general practitioners in Northern Ireland were sent a questionnaire on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Five hundred and ninety four general practitioners (64.4%) returned the questionnaire. Thirty eight respondents (6.4%) knew of an HIV positive patient in their practice and 93.3% felt they should be informed if one of their patients was found to be HIV positive at a genitourinary medicine clinic, even without the patient's consent. Of the respondents, 76.8% were willing to be involved in the management of AIDS patients in their practice in cooperation with hospital colleagues but only 37.5% felt confident to provide AIDS counselling and advice. Of the 368 general practitioners who did not feel confident to provide AIDS counselling and advice, 41.3% felt that they had insufficient knowledge and 79.6% felt uncertain of their counselling skills. The information gathered on the administration of injections, taking blood samples and disposal of needles indicated that further education for general practitioners is required to ensure safety at work.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Use of a high frequency transducer with real time B-mode ultrasound scanning to identify early pregnancy in cows.

The reproductive tracts of 22 Friesian dairy cows were examined from seven to 35 days after insemination using a real time B-mode ultrasound scanner with a 7.5 MHz transducer. The earliest detection of pregnancy was at nine days when a vesicle was imaged within the lumen of the uterine horn. The early conceptus was seen at day 13 within the vesicle and these structures were followed ultrasonically until day 35. There was a sudden enlargement of the vesicle at day 19 and a heart beat was detected in the embryo at day 22. The allantois was imaged at day 23 and the amnion by day 29. The embryonic outline was clearly defined by day 33 when the body cavities could be discerned. This ability to determine pregnancy at an early stage should prove to be a useful technique in investigating the problems associated with early embryonic death in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Selection of sites for intramuscular injections in the neck of the horse.

A radio-opaque marker was injected intramuscularly at different levels and with needles of different lengths into the cervical musculature of a series of ponies and horses which were under profound anaesthesia prior to euthanasia. Subsequently the necks were sectioned and radiographed to determine the fate of the injected material. The results indicated that care was necessary in the selection of the level for injection in order to prevent deposition of material on to the periosteal surface of the cervical vertebrae or on to the ligamentum nuchae and fascial sheaths. The muscle mass over the third vertebra was relatively poor but increased in the more caudal cervical regions. The best site for intramuscular injection appeared to be at the level of the fifth cervical vertebra, ventral to the funicular part of the ligamentum nuchae but dorsal to the brachiocephalic muscle. Even at this position injection material sometimes entered intermuscular fascial sheaths.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Atlanto-occipital fusion and ataxia in the calf.

Atlanto-occipital fusion is a rare bony anomaly due to the failure of the developing arches of the first cervical vertebra to separate from the occiput. It may be associated with compressive myelopathy and must therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of ataxia in the young animal. This report reviews the embryological development of the region and reports the findings in two cases of fusion in the calf.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Renal biopsy in the normal cat: examination of the effects of repeated needle biopsy.

Three healthy cats were subjected to percutaneous renal biopsy of the left kidney on three occasions at monthly intervals. Three other cats were subjected to three consecutive biopsy attempts on one occasion using the left kidney. Thereafter the six cats were monitored clinically and by means of laboratory analyses of blood and urine until euthanasia four weeks after the last biopsy. Cautious insertion of the biopsy needle in an attempt to avoid over penetration of the kidney resulted in failure to obtain renal tissue on six occasions but in all 12 specimens which did contain renal tissue, glomeruli were present. Major blood vessels were present in two biopsy specimens. At necropsy, radiographic and histological studies demonstrated renal parenchymal and vascular changes in the biopsied kidneys which were similar to but less severe than those produced by a single biopsy attempt. This confirmed that avoidance of damage to major renal vessels is important and suggested that, with care, repeated biopsies need be no more harmful to the kidney than a single biopsy.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Unusual case of spina bifida in a Friesian cross calf.

A case of spina bifida in a Friesian cross calf is described. The case was unusual as the calf was alive and ambulatory. There was no locomotor disturbance but a small skin defect was present in the thoracic region with anomalies of the thoracic vertebral laminae 9 and 10 and the associated ribs. Radiographic studies and post mortem findings are reported to indicate the extent of the lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Spina bifida in a German shepherd puppy.

A case of spina bifida in a German shepherd puppy is described. The puppy, which was dead when delivered by caesarian section, had an obvious cleft in the skin and soft tissues overlying an area of kyphosis in the lumbar region. Radiographic examination and bone staining techniques revealed an extensive bony defect with a failure in approximation of the vertebral laminae dorsally from T3 to Ca5.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Renal biopsy in the normal cat: an examination of the effects of a single needle biopsy.

Eleven healthy cats were subjected to a single, percutaneous renal biopsy with a disposable biopsy needle and thereafter monitored clinically and by means of laboratory analyses of blood and urine until euthanasia at intervals up to two months after biopsy. Biopsy specimens were obtained at each attempt and the specimen length and numbers of glomeruli compared favourably with results from normal dogs biopsied with Franklin-Silverman needles. At necropsy radiographic studies demonstrated renal vascular changes and histological examinations of the biopsied kidneys revealed lesions varying from barely discernible linear scars to extensive haemorrhage and wedge-shaped infarcts. A direct relationship was established between the severe renal lesions in seven cats and biopsy specimens containing medullary tissue and major renal blood vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Obituary.

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History, 20th Century↗