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Biomedical subjects

J S Brook

Publications and source records attributed to J S Brook.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Similar and different precursors to drug use and delinquency among African Americans and Puerto Ricans.

Correlational and net regression techniques were used to examine the commonalities and differences in risks for later drug use and delinquency among African American and Puerto Rican adolescents. Eight-eight percent of the risks were significantly related to both problem behaviors. Within the personality, family, peer, ecology, and acculturation domains, many risks independently contributed to the prediction of each problem. Only three risks had a significantly stronger relationship to one of the problem behaviors than to the other. Finding so many common predictors supports a general dimension of problem behavior and highlights the psychosocial risks for drug use and delinquency. The commonalities suggest that interventions targeting these adolescent risks might reduce both problem behaviors.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1998

Developmental variations in factors related to initial and increased levels of adolescent drug involvement.

The impact of maternal and adolescent factors on initial and increased levels of drug use by adolescents was examined in two groups of adolescents: 210 younger adolescents (ages 12-14 at initial assessment) and 199 older adolescents (ages 15-18). The adolescents and their mothers were interviewed at 2 points in time, 3 years apart. The results indicated that adolescent unconventionality is a crucial determinant for both initial and increased levels of drug use for both age groups, but intrapsychic distress is more important for the younger adolescent's initial use. Lack of maternal attachment and poor control techniques were associated with initial levels of drug use for both groups. However, the mother-child relationship and models of the mother's unconventionality had a greater impact on the older than on the younger group's increased involvement. Interactive results suggest that adolescents from both age groups who are well adjusted can offset the potential risks of maternal models of drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use.

OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal priority in the relationship between psychiatric disorders and drug use. METHOD: Psychiatric assessments and drug use were completed at three different points in time, spanning 9 years. Structured interviews were administered to a cohort of youths and their mothers. Subjects were selected on the basis of their residence in either of two counties in upstate New York. The sample was predominantly white male and female youths, aged 1 through 10 years upon initial collection of data. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by a supplemented version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 1, using computer algorithms designed to match DSM-III-R criteria to combine information from mothers and youths. Substance use information was obtained in the interviews. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found to exist between earlier adolescent drug use and later depressive and disruptive disorders in young adulthood, controlling for earlier psychiatric disorders. Earlier psychiatric disorders did not predict changes in young adult drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment include (1) more medical attention needs to be given to the use of legal and illegal drugs; and (2) a decrease in drug use may result in a decrease in the incidence of later psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Drug use among African Americans: ethnic identity as a protective factor.

This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Psychosocial risk and protective factors for condom use among female injection drug users.

The authors examined the influences of domains of psychosocial risk and protective factors on male-partner condom use in a cobort of 209 female HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injection drug users (IDUs) by use of a cross-sectional, retrospective design. Information collected from a structured questionnaire included data on psychosocial risk and protective factors in the personality, family, and peer domains; HIV status; and condom use. Among HIV+ IDUs, personality risk factors (e.g., unconventionality), family (e.g., low maternal identification), and peer factors were related to less male-partner condom use. Resources and condom availability were associated with greater male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- IDUs. The psychosocial domains affected male condom use with both HIV+ and HIV- female IDU patients via two different mediational models. The findings suggest the need to use specific psychosocial interventions for risky sexual behavior among HIV+ and HIV- female IDUs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Pathways to marijuana use among adolescents: cultural/ecological, family, peer, and personality influences.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the linkages, cultural/ecological factors, and major psychosocial risk factors as they relate to drug use in a sample from Colombia, South America. METHOD: The participants were 1.687 adolescents living in mixed urban-rural communities in Colombia, South America. An individual interview was administered to youths in their homes by Colombian interviewers. The scales used were based on item intercorrelations grouped into the following risk categories: (1) adolescent personality, (2) family traits, (3) peer factors, and (4) cultural/ecological variables. RESULTS: Pearson correlations were computed for each variable and the frequency of marijuana use. Results show that each of the domains was related to adolescent marijuana use, with some notable gender differences. As regards the interrelation of domains, a mediational model was operative. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support a family interactional theory. The domains of family, personality, and peer factors had a direct effect on the adolescents' marijuana use. Implications for prevention are also addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A three-generation study: intergenerational continuities and discontinuities and their impact on the toddler's anger.

One hundred fifteen 2-year-old toddlers, one of the parents of each toddler, and the corresponding grandmother of each toddler were studied to determine the influence of the grandmother and the parent on the toddler's behavior. Findings indicated that the grandmother's parenting skills have an effect on the grandchild's anger via two pathways. More specifically, the grandmother's child-rearing techniques are mediated by the parent's personality traits, which, in turn, are associated with the parent's child-rearing practices and, ultimately, the grandchild's anger. The second pathway through which the grandmother's child-rearing is related to the grandchild's behavior involves the parent's imitation of the grandmother's parenting skills, which, in turn, are correlated with the toddler's behavior.

Anger↗
PubMed1998

Behavior patterns of young children and their offspring: a two-generation study.

Data from a random cohort of residents in a 2-county area were used to determine the stability in 2 major dimensions of childhood behavior between 2 generations. The 1st generation was assessed at mean age 7, and their offspring were assessed at age 2 years. Measures were used in latent-variable structural equation models to test the hypotheses. Strong stability in these behavior patterns in the 1st generation was shown between early childhood and a reassessment 8 years later. There was a significant stability between generations in the inhibited behavior pattern but not in the difficult pattern. This relationship was stronger when parents had been assessed at an age closer to that of their toddler offspring. Findings are consistent for mother-offspring, father-offspring, and daughter and son subsamples.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Mutual attachment, personality, and drug use: pathways from childhood to young adulthood.

Young adult drug use stemming from childhood aggression, the parent-child mutual attachment relationship, and the effect of unconventionality were studied. Youngsters and their mothers were interviewed when the former were early adolescents, late adolescents, and young adults. Additional data were collected from the mothers when their youngsters were children. The analysis was conducted on youngsters who had complete data at all 4 points in time. The findings were in accord with the family interactional model; that is, the parent-child mutual attachment relationship affects unconventionality in the youngster, which, in turn, affects young adult drug use. The results indicate that the parent-child mutual attachment relationship does so through (a) the stability of the attachment relationship from childhood to young adulthood, (b) the stability of unconventional personality and behavioral attributes from early adolescence to young adulthood, and (c) the stability of drug use from early adolescence to young adulthood. The findings imply that (a) early intervention with respect to aggression, (b) interventions that focus on strengthening the parent-child bond and conventional behavior, and (c) interventions aimed at early drug use should be most effective in reducing young adult drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Drug use and delinquency: shared and unshared risk factors in African American and Puerto Rican adolescents.

The shared and unshared psychosocial risk factors related to stage of drug use and delinquency were examined. The sample consisted of 655 African American and 600 Puerto Rican male and female adolescents. Net regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that adolescent stage of drug use and delinquency reflect shared and unshared risk factors. The magnitude of the risk factors for adolescent delinquency was greater than for stage of drug use. The findings support a socialization hypothesis (from parent, to personality, to behavior), and the data were congruent with a dispositional model (from child, to parent or peer, to behavior).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Cigarette smoking in young adults: childhood and adolescent personality, familial, and peer antecedents.

Three models (independent, interdependent, and mediational) were hypothesized in this study, to examine the interrelation of personality, family, and peer determinants and their effects on tobacco use by young adults. Mothers were first interviewed about their children when they were between the ages of 1 and 10 years old. Three subsequent interviews were conducted with the children when they reached adolescence and young adulthood. Results show support for the mediational model. In accordance with family interactional framework conceptions, there was a sequence in patterning: from parenting during early adolescence; to personality and peer factors, extending to smoking in late adolescence; and culminating in smoking in adulthood. With a developmental approach, a number of psychosocial measures were related in both younger and older children. Nevertheless, some interesting developmental differences emerged. The findings suggest at least four possible targets for therapeutic or preventive intervention: the parent, the child, the adolescent, and the peer group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Young adults' drug use: a 17-year longitudinal inquiry of antecedents.

This longitudinal study examined the interrelation of personality and peer factors on young adults' drug use and also the influence of the interaction of personality and peer factors on drug use. The sample of 756 males and females were interviewed four times between the M ages of 6 and 22. Personality attributes in childhood were related to peer factors in early adolescence which, in turn, were related to personality traits in later adolescence. These traits were linked with selection of peers and, ultimately, drug use in young adulthood. Additionally, the adolescent and young adult domains had direct effects on young adults' drug use. Significant interactions indicated that a few protective childhood personality traits buffer the risk of deviant peers in adolescence on young adults' drug use. More earlier protective characteristics from one domain enhanced the effect of later protective traits from the other domain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Coping with AIDS. A longitudinal study.

The goals of this longitudinal, prospective study were to 1) examine coping strategies of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) injecting drug users; 2) study the relationship of earlier social support to later coping in HIV+ men; and 3) examine the effects of earlier coping strategies on later psychosocial function. The authors studied 287 men given a structured questionnaire at two points in time. HIV+ subjects scored higher than HIV- subjects on measures of AIDS-related adaptive coping (social support) and AIDS-related maladaptive coping (aggression), but not on general coping. General coping was not specifically AIDS-related, but was correlated positively with adaptive coping and negatively with maladaptive coping. These results suggest that earlier general coping is related to the later avoidance of maladaptive coping, and they have specific implications for teaching preventive strategies. AIDS-related adaptive or maladaptive coping techniques may be used simultaneously, and coping behavior may change over time. Earlier social support is related positively to aspects of later coping in HIV+ men.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in female drug abusers.

The authors studied the influences of domains of psychosocial risk factors on needle-sharing with familiar people and with strangers in a cohort of female injecting drug users (IDUs). Subjects were 119 female IDUs, 46% of whom were HIV+. Subjects were given individually administered questionnaire interviews: Using Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression analyses, the authors found that personality, family, and peer attributes related to needle-sharing in women were similar to those found in men, with certain exceptions. The role of the family, particularly the Significant Other, was more important and proximal in its effect on needle-sharing behavior in women than in men. There was a main effect as well as a mediating effect of family in women, buffering risk factors leading to needle-sharing.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interrelationship of acculturation, family, personality, ecology, and peer domains measured in adolescence as they impact drug use 5 years later and to assess the role of family variables as buffers against personality risks. METHOD: Youths completed questionnaires in classrooms at T1 and were individually interviewed at T2 (mean age = 20 years). Data were analyzed separately for African-Americans and Puerto Ricans using correlations, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way interactions. RESULTS: Most results were similar for both ethnic groups. Eighty percent of the T1 variables significantly related to T2 stage of drug use. A mediational model of the path to drug use was supported. Acculturative influences were associated with family relations, which in turn were related to personality attributes. A reciprocal relationship emerged between the personality and peer domains in their impact on drug use. Family variables primarily enhanced the effect of protective personality traits on drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Stability of drug use alone cannot explain the relationship between the earlier domains and later drug use. Specific adolescent risks have long-lasting effects. The personality domain has a direct effect on later drug use despite a benign picture in the acculturation, family, and peer domains.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

A multiple-risk interaction model: effects of temperament and divorce on psychiatric disorders in children.

Effects of family status on the trajectory of problematic temperament-adjustment at 1 and 10 years of age and associated psychiatric disturbance 8 years later were examined in an epidemiological sample of 648 children. After adjusting for predivorce temperament-adjustment and background factors, logistic regression yielded independent effects of single custodial mother (SCM) family status for increased risk of disruptive and anxiety disorders, and of stepfamily status for increased risk of disruptive disorders. Increased risk of psychiatric disorders was more pervasive for SCM family boys versus intact family boys than for SCM family girls versus intact family girls, however only significantly more so for depression. No significant sex interaction was observed for stepfamily status. When girls and boys were treated independently, patterns of family status and outcomes of internalizing disorders varied. In stepfamilies, an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders was observed in girls but not boys, whereas in SCM families an elevated risk of depression was observed in boys but not girls. Within each family status group there was support for an altered risk of later psychiatric disorders given specific problematic predivorce temperament-adjustment characteristics. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Effects of parent drug use and personality on toddler adjustment.

The interrelation between parental drug use and parental personality and the effects on 18-month-old children's adjustment were examined. Data on the parents were available at four points in time: Time 1 at mean age 6.1 years, Time 2 at mean age 13.7 years, Time 3 at mean age 16.4 years, and at Time 4 at mean age 22.2 years. Data on their toddlers at 18 months of age were also available. Structured interviews were used to assess personality and drug use and the toddlers' adjustment. Time 3 parental personality traits were related to Time 4 personality traits, which in turn were related to toddler adjustment. The influence of parental alcohol involvement (Time 3) on toddler adjustment was mediated by parental personality (Times 3 and 4) and parental alcohol problems (Time 4). Interactive effects demonstrated that protective parental personality traits (nondrug conducive) enhanced the effects of low parental drug use, resulting in the highest amounts of toddler adjustment. There are significant pathways between parental personality and drug use and toddler adjustment. Parental protective factors enhance the effect of parental low drug use on toddler adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗