Phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters in the brains of schizophrenic patients.
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Brain Chemistry↗
Biomedical subjects
J S Brown
Publications and source records attributed to J S Brown.
The dissociation of repetition priming and recognition memory in language/learning-disabled children.
Recent research has found that the performance of learning-disabled and non-disabled children is dissociated on explicit and implicit tests of memory (Lorsbach & Worman, 1989). The current study further examined this phenomenon by comparing language/learning-disabled (L/LD) and nondisabled children (NLD) on tasks measuring primed picture-naming and item recognition. Included within the design of the experiment was the manipulation of both presentation format (pictures or words) and retention interval (immediate or 1 day). Children were initially presented with pictures and words. Performance was measured both immediately and following a 1-day retention interval on a picture naming task, an item recognition task, and a supplementary measure of memory for presentation format. The magnitude of facilitation associated with primed picture-naming was found to be independent of item recognition performance. In addition, the effects of population (L/LD and NLD) and retention interval (immediate test or 1 day) each produced dissociations between the magnitude of naming facilitation and item recognition performance. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the nature of memory difficulties in L/LD children.
Child↗
Use of polyglactin 910 knitted mesh tubing to stabilize particulate hydroxyapatite in alveolar ridge augmentation. A preliminary report.
A universal problem with the use of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles has been the tendency for these particles to migrate beyond planned boundaries. This is a preliminary report on the use of polyglactin 910 knitted mesh (Vicryl) tubing containing HA particles in ridge-augmentation procedures, assessing the technique and the containment of HA particles. The technique is described and experience with six cases is presented. This study found no clinical or radiographic evidence of particle migration after normal function had been resumed. In one case the graft failed to become firmly incorporated with the bone and the whole graft migrated anteriorly on the mandible but still provided improved function for the patient. The technique facilitates the placement of HA particles and would be particularly useful if open mucosal flap techniques were being used for ridge augmentation. The use of Vicryl tubing for HA augmentation procedures prevents the migration of particles and allows an easier and more accurate placement of the grafts.
Adult↗
A new technique for the identification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in utero.
Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring forms the basis of routine fetal assessment, particularly short-term variability in the interbeat interval which can be difficult to interpret. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), the change in heart rate in response to breathing, contributes to short-term variability, and the presence of RSA in utero may reflect the functional integrity of the central nervous system. This paper describes the use of Doppler ultrasound to derive the required measures of fetal heart rate and fetal breathing movements and spectral analysis to identify RSA. Cases are presented to illustrate the results obtained both in the presence and absence of RSA.
Arrhythmia, Sinus↗
On the seclusion of psychiatric patients.
The seclusion of psychiatric patients is viewed by some as a violation of basic human rights, by others as a necessity for the control of violence, and by still others as a therapeutic modality. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the findings from the limited and descriptive research on this controversial practice. The major conclusions suggested by the findings are: (1) The reason cited for seclusion is more often agitation than violence, raising questions as to its necessity. The lack of relationship between the reason for seclusion and its duration indicates loose and arbitrary criteria and raises the question of bias. (2) The tendency to seclude on admission suggests failure to follow the legal stipulation that less restrictive measures be employed first. (3) Psychotic, involuntary and younger patients are at higher risk for seclusion than other patients. (4) Incidence and duration of seclusion differ widely across institutions indicating unnecessary and excessive use in some units. Differences may be better explained by hospital factors such as location, staff attitudes and treatment philosophy than by patient characteristics. (5) Systematic studies of the effectiveness of seclusion are lacking, as is research on events transpiring during seclusion. (6) Attitudes of patients and staff toward seclusion differ greatly. Patients' attitudes are generally negative, whereas staff members believe seclusion benefits patients and preserves the unit's smooth functioning. Changes in procedures are suggested to reduce the frequency of seclusion, and to make seclusion more rational, effective and humane. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Anxiety↗
The aggression theory of schizophrenia: revisited.
The aggression theory of schizophrenia is a psychoanalytic theory which proposes that schizophrenia results from uncontrolled, deprivation-induced aggressive impulses. An animal model of the aggression theory is presented using predatory aggression as the source of arousal. Although neurochemical control of predatory aggression is nonspecific, anatomic control is located in the lateral hypothalamus across species. The lateral hypothalamus also controls schedule-induced polydipsia which has been implicated in schizophrenia. The aggression theory could be empirically evaluated by determining if schizophrenics respond differently than normals to scheduled feedings. Implications of the aggression theory are discussed.
Aggression↗
Secondary data on health-related subjects: major sources, uses, and limitations.
Although secondary data are generally neglected by nurses, they are useful for nurse researchers, practitioners, educators, administrators, and policy makers. Major sources of data on health-related subjects are medical records, administrative records, the census, vital statistics, surveys of the National Center for Health Statistics, social science archives, and nursing archives, each with its specific uses and limitations.
Archives↗
Restoring control: empowering older patients and their families during health crisis.
Acute health crises and the care provided within the health care system often reduce control for older patients and their families. Drawing on the authors' research with hip fracture patients and work with home health teams, the discussion focuses specifically on older patients who require home health care following a hip fracture and who have family support. Successful recovery and rehabilitation of the older patient is contingent upon restoring the patients' perception of control over their recovery. Empowerment is achieved both through the content of interventions, and through the process by which health professionals work with patients and their families.
Aftercare↗
Perceptions of seclusion: comparing patient and staff reactions.
Seclusion, or the use of locked, closely monitored containment, is widely used in psychiatric practice and is legally sanctioned. Involving humanitarian, ethical, and legal issues, seclusion poses dilemmas and raises questions for health-care professionals. Among those defending the practice, some would argue that it is used reluctantly and only as a last resort, whereas others consider it to be a positive therapeutic treatment modality, whether used alone or in conjunction with other treatments. Opponents of seclusion disagree, considering seclusion to be punitive, arbitrary, and geared toward serving the needs of other patients and staff. Although professionals have interpreted seclusion differently with regard to its function, efficacy, and impact, the vast majority of patients view it negatively. Wadeson and Carpenter (1976) found that individuals interviewed 1 year after seclusion still felt bitter about the experience; for many, that experience symbolized their entire psychiatric illness.
Adult↗
Should women with familial ovarian cancer undergo prophylactic oophorectomy?
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the lifetime probabilities of ovarian cancer in women from families with hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes and those with a family history of ovarian cancer, and to assess the needs for prevention and surveillance in such women. DATA SOURCES: We searched for studies of familial ovarian cancer published since 1966 and used ovarian cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute. METHODS: Pooled estimates of relative risk of ovarian cancer among women with a family history of ovarian cancer were derived using statistical methods based on fixed effects. Modified life-table methods were used to estimate the lifetime probability of ovarian cancer. DATA SYNTHESIS: The lifetime probability of ovarian cancer increases from about 1.6% in a 35-year-old woman without a family history of ovarian cancer to about 5% if she has one relative and 7% if she has two relatives with ovarian cancer. The lifetime probability may decrease to about 3-4% if she takes oral contraceptives for 5-9 years. Women from families with hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes may have as high as a 50% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of ovarian cancer in women from families with hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes is sufficiently high to warrant prophylactic oophorectomy. Among women with one relative with ovarian cancer, the lifetime probability of ovarian cancer is not high enough to recommend oophorectomy. However, some women may choose oophorectomy depending on their attitudes concerning risk-taking, surgery, and hormone replacement. Oral contraceptives should be considered as preventive therapy to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer in women with a family history of ovarian cancer.
Adult↗
Clinico-pathological correlations and long-term follow-up of 253 United Kingdom patients with IgA nephropathy. A report from the MRC Glomerulonephritis Registry.
The Medical Research Council's Glomerulonephritis Registry was used to study clinicopathological correlations and renal survival in patients with IgA nephropathy reported between 1978 and 1985. IgA nephropathy was the histological diagnosis in 9.3 per cent of all renal biopsies reported to the registry during this period, and in 18.1 per cent of those with a primary glomerulonephritis. The 10-year cumulative renal survival rate accounting for censored data (Kaplan-Meier) was 83.3 per cent. Univariate analysis of survival curves (log-rank test) found the following parameters to be significantly correlated with poor renal survival: serum creatinine > 120 mumol/l (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.001), serum albumin < 40 g/l (p < 0.005), proteinuria > 1 g (p < 0.025), age > 30 years (p < 0.025), and focal mesangial proliferation (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in renal survival between males and females. Multivariate analysis (Cox's proportional hazards model) revealed that only a serum creatinine of > 120 mumol/l and a serum albumin of < 40 g/l were independently predictive of outcome. These findings indicate marked similarities between the UK experience of IgA nephropathy and the published European experience. IgA nephropathy is not a benign condition in the UK and patients with impaired renal function and/or those with a reduced serum albumin are significantly more likely to progress to end-stage renal failure within 10 years.
Adult↗
The use of botanicals for health purposes by members of a prepaid health plan.
Interviews were conducted with 100 adults (27 men, 73 women) enrolled in a prepaid medical health plan to investigate their use of botanical remedies. They were asked which of 50 listed herbs they or members of their families had used for health purposes and with what effect; which of 60 listed health problems they had treated with home remedies; and what additional home remedies or alternative health care resources they had used. Over 100 different home remedies were identified, with most considered effective. Individual respondents used from 0 to 33 herbal and plant remedies (Md = 7), some of which have toxic properties. A remedy was reported for almost every health problem listed. Substances most frequently used were aloe vera, honey, peppermint, garlic, eucalyptus, and rose hips; health problems most frequently treated were burns, colds, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, rashes. Persons who were married, from larger households, of higher socioeconomic status, who had consulted alternative healers, or who had patronized health food stores tended to use home remedies more than their counterparts. Implications for further evaluation of self-care practices are discussed.
Adult↗
Intermaxillary fixation compared to miniplate osteosynthesis in the management of the fractured mandible: an audit.
The hospital records of 30 patients with isolated fractured mandibles treated by intermaxillary fixation (IMF) were compared to 30 patients treated by miniplate osteosynthesis. The treatment variables assessed were the period of hospitalisation, the operating time, the use of intensive care or nurse specialing services, the number of outpatient visits, and the cost of materials. The cost of each facility was calculated from six sources, so that the average cost of each method of treatment could be determined. The results showed that the average cost for managing a fractured mandible with IMF was 1000 pounds if the intensive therapy unit (ITU) was used and 919 pounds if ward specialing services (a single nurse looking after the patient) were used. This compared with an average cost of 794 pounds for miniplate osteosynthesis. The extra cost of the materials if miniplates were used could be discounted by the longer period of hospitalisation, the use of ITU or nurse specialising services, and the greater number of outpatient visits that were required for patients treated with IMF. In addition the use of IMF significantly increased the time patients spent off work.
Absenteeism↗
Primary intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws. Three new cases and a review of the literature.
Three new cases of primary intraosseous carcinoma are presented. The clinical features of these cancers often mimics odontogenic cysts, dental abscesses or periodontal disease; all benign dental conditions. This may delay the diagnosis and probably accounts for the poor prognosis associated with these tumours of 30-40% 5-year survival. A total of 24 cases of primary intraosseous carcinomas have been analysed, which includes reports collected from the literature and the three new cases presented in this paper.
Aged↗
Delayed miniplate osteosynthesis for mandibular fractures.
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Bone Plates↗
The look north to the Canadian Health Care System: possible implications for otology and neurotology.
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Canada↗
Pathological changes of the mare endometrium and genotypes for transferrin and ELA.
Histological features of the endometrium, as assessed in biopsy samples, were related to Standardbred mare genotypes for transferrin, esterase (as a control) and equine leucocyte antigens (ELA). Pathological changes were found more frequently in each successively older age group of mares. Among mares aged 6-19 years, there were significant pathologic changes on first examination following an infertile breeding season for 46 of 90 (51%) of transferrin homozygotes and 50 of 146 (34%) of transferrin heterozygotes. The difference between the two groups was significant for the total data (chi 1(2) = 6.56, P = 0.010) and when the data were stratified for mare age at biopsy (chi 1(2) = 7.33, P = 0.0068). The effect of transferrin was similar in both trotters and pacers, especially for frequent genotypes commonly found in horses of both gaits. There was no effect of esterase and, in a smaller set of ELA-typed mares, no significant effect of ELA genotype on uterine biopsy category. Transferrin has a well-established microbiostatic and biocidal effect. Conceivably, heterozygotes for some combinations of transferrin variants could have a slower natural rate of endometrial deterioration than homozygotes.
Age Factors↗
A computerized representation of a medical school curriculum: integration of relational and text management software in database design.
We describe the development of a computer-based representation of the medical school curriculum at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Over the past seven years the Medical School's Office of Academic Affairs has employed both relational database and text management software to design an integrated curriculum database system. Depending on the function selected--exploring the curriculum, searching through course outlines, retrieving elective descriptions, identifying teaching faculty, or searching for specific topics--either text management or relational database management routines are activated in a manner transparent to the user. Initial evaluation of the system has been positive but highlights the need for a more robust biomedical language for use as a controlled vocabulary to index content. Efforts are now underway, with support from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), to engage other interested schools in the U.S. and Canada in collaborating on further development of a system.
Abstracting and Indexing↗