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Biomedical subjects

J S Spano

Publications and source records attributed to J S Spano.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Evaluation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in ponies.

Twelve ponies were used to evaluate the reliability of an abdominal adhesion model and the efficacy of intraperitoneal infusion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in preventing abdominal adhesions. A celiotomy was performed on each of the 12 ponies and the serosa of the distal portion of the jejunum was abraded with a dry gauze sponge at 5 locations. In addition to the serosal damage, a single 2-0 chromic gut suture was placed through the seromuscular layer of the jejunum in the center of the abraded area. After closure of the celiotomy, a 1% solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (7 ml/kg of body weight) was infused into the peritoneal cavity of 6 ponies. The other ponies served as untreated controls. All ponies were euthanatized 14 days after surgery. All ponies in the control group had abdominal adhesions at the time of necropsy. Four of the 6 ponies in the treatment group were free of adhesions. There was a significant (P less than 0.0001) difference in the total number of adhesions between the 2 groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Potentiation of platelet responses in vitro by feline infectious peritonitis virus.

The effect of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) on platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release induced by threshold levels of four agonists (adenosine diphosphate [ADP], collagen, arachidonic acid, and epinephrine) was examined in vitro in ten specific-pathogen-free cats. Purified suspensions of FIPV added to stirred platelet suspensions (virus to platelet ratio equal to 1:320) 1 minute prior to the addition of agonist potentiated the ADP-induced aggregation response by greater than 100% in seven cats. Platelet 14C-serotonin release was increased by greater than 100% in four cats. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was enhanced in ten cats while collagen-induced 14C-serotonin release was enhanced in eight cats. Potentiation of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation was observed in three cats, two of which demonstrated enhanced platelet 14C-serotonin release. Although epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation was enhanced in five cats, the samples displayed only fine microaggregates. Enhanced 14C-serotonin release from platelets in response to epinephrine was not demonstrated. Interaction with the outer platelet membrane and internalization of viral particles within the surface-connected open canalicular system were demonstrated by electron microscopy within 5 minutes of the addition of virus to platelet suspensions with or without added agonists. Decreasing the virus concentration by ten- or one hundred-fold abolished the potentiating effect observed previously, while increasing the concentration tenfold resulted in direct platelet activation in the absence of agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Enhanced platelet reactivity in cats experimentally infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus.

Platelet function was evaluated in six specific-pathogen-free cats prior to and following intraperitoneal inoculation with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). By 4 days post-inoculation, platelet samples from five of six cats responded with irreversible platelet aggregation to threshold concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This was accompanied by enhanced platelet 14C-serotonin release (greater than 10%) in two cats. Compared to one of six baseline samples, five of five post-inoculation samples exhibited microaggregate formation in response to 20 microM epinephrine. Enhanced platelet 14C-serotonin release did not accompany these responses. Enhanced platelet responses to ADP and epinephrine were also observed on day 11 post-inoculation and day 16 (when one cat died) or 21 (the end of the study). Platelet 14C-serotonin release in response to 20 microM epinephrine increased markedly in three of five cats on day 21. Enhanced collagen-induced platelet responses were not demonstrated. Although the mechanism for the enhanced platelet responses observed on day 4 was unknown, a direct effect on the virus on platelets, mononuclear inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells must be considered.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of single doses of digoxin administered intravenously to ducks, roosters, and turkeys.

A single dose of digoxin was injected, IV, into 5 mature male turkeys (0.066 mg/kg of body weight), 8 male ducks (0.066 mg/kg), and 6 roosters (0.33 mg/kg). Twenty-three serial venous blood samples were collected before (baseline) and after the administration of digoxin to turkeys, ducks, and roosters. Plasma concentrations of digoxin were determined in duplicate by a radioimmunoassay that was validated for avian species. The plasma concentrations were best fitted by a 3 (turkeys, ducks)- and 2 (roosters)-compartment open model, with first-order elimination from the central compartment. Significant (P less than 0.05) kinetic differences were determined among species. Mean half-life (t1/2) for ducks, roosters, and turkeys were 8.30 +/- 2.70 (mean +/- SD), 6.67 +/- 3.50, and 23.7 +/- 4.8 hours, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 14.7 +/- 2.9, 3.13 +/- 0.49, and 2.27 +/- 0.36 L/kg, and total body clearance (CL) of drug was 1.54 +/- 0.43, 0.461 +/- 0.187, and 0.136 +/- 0.022 L/h/kg for ducks, roosters, and turkeys, respectively. The mean residence time was 10.3 +/- 3.9, 8.37 +/- 4.97, and 16.8 +/- 2.2 hours, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady state and CL in ducks were several fold higher than that in turkeys. The terminal half-life of digoxin determined for ducks and roosters in this study was considerably shorter than those previously reported for several mammalian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous or intramuscular administration of gentamicin in roosters.

Healthy mature roosters (n = 10) were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and, 30 days later, another dose IM. Serum concentrations of gentamicin were determined over 60 hours after each drug dosing, using a radioimmunoassay. Using nonlinear least-square regression methods, the combined data of IV and IM treatments were best fitted by a 2-compartment open model. The mean distribution phase half-life was 0.203 +/- 0.075 hours (mean +/- SD) and the terminal half-life was 3.38 +/- 0.62 hours. The volume of the central compartment was 0.0993 +/- 0.0097 L/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 0.209 +/- 0.013 L/kg, and the total body clearance was 46.5 +/- 7.9 ml/h/kg. Intramuscular absorption was rapid, with a half-life for absorption of 0.281 +/- 0.081 hours. The extent of IM absorption was 95 +/- 18%. Maximal serum concentration of 20.68 +/- 2.10 micrograms/ml was detected at 0.62 +/- 0.18 hours after the dose. Kinetic calculations predicted that IM injection of gentamicin at a dosage of 4 mg/kg, q 12 h, and 1.5 mg/kg, q 8 h, would provide average steady-state serum concentrations of 6.82 and 3.83 micrograms/ml, with minimal steady-state serum concentrations of 1.54 and 1.50 micrograms/ml and maximal steady-state serum concentrations of 18.34 and 7.70 micrograms/ml, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetics of single doses of gentamicin given intravenously and intramuscularly to turkeys.

The disposition and absorption kinetics of gentamicin were studied in healthy, mature male and female turkeys (n = 10). Single doses of gentamicin (5 mg/kg) were injected either i.v. or i.m. with a 30-day rest period between each treatment. Baseline and serial venous blood samples (n = 17) were collected from each turkey. Serum concentrations of gentamicin were determined in duplicate for 24 h after each treatment, using radio-immunoassay. Using nonlinear least-square regression methods, the combined data of the i.v. and i.m. treatments were best described by a two-compartment open model. Kinetic analysis of the data after a single i.v. dose provided the following mean values: t1/2 alpha = 0.170 +/- 0.093 h, t1/2 beta = 2.57 +/- 0.79 h, MRT = 3.62 +/- 0.96 h, Vc = 0.090 +/- 0.017 l/kg, Vd(ss) = 0.172 +/- 0.024 l/kg, Vd(area) = 0.190 +/- 0.030 l/kg, and Clt = 49.8 +/- 9.8 ml/h/kg. After a single i.m. dose, the following mean values were determined: MRT = 5.10 +/- 1.73 h, t1/2abs = 0.74 +/- 0.66 h, tlag = 0.07 +/- 0.19 h, Clt/F = 50.7 +/- 12.5 ml/h/kg, Vd(area)/F = 0.193 +/- 0.044 l/kg, and F = 102 +/- 21%. Kinetic calculations made with the single i.m. data predicted that an i.m. injection of gentamicin at the dosage rate of 3 mg/kg q. every 12 h would provide average steady state serum concentrations of 4.93 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of fenbendazole administration on hematology, clinical chemistries and selected hormones in the white Pekin duck.

The effects of single i.v. and p.o. doses (5 mg/kg) of fenbendazole, were evaluated on thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, corticosterone, hematology, clinical chemistries, and serum proteins in 10 white Pekin ducks. Fenbendazole was administered i.v. (n = 5) as a 3% dimethyl sulfoxide solution and p.o. (n = 5) as a 10% commercial suspension. Serum enzyme concentrations, total protein and protein fractions, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, sodium, and potassium were unchanged from baseline values. Serum triglycerides decreased consistently in the i.v.-treated group but remained unchanged in the p.o.-treated group. Serum chloride was consistently elevated above baseline values for both i.v.- and p.o.-treated ducks, while inorganic phosphate was consistently decreased only in the i.v.-treated group. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values generally were below baseline values. Leukocyte values varied considerably and were not significantly different from baseline values. Serum thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine values in both the i.v.- and p.o.-treated groups were not changed significantly from baseline values. Serum corticosterone values were not changed in the i.v.-treated groups but they were decreased at various times in the p.o.-treated group. Although there were some sporadic significant changes in the parameters measured versus baseline values all values remained within the physiologic limits for ducks. The safety of fenbendazole has been previously demonstrated for several species.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of antithrombin-III activity as a coindicator of disseminated intravascular coagulation in cats with induced feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.

Six adult specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated intraperitoneally with a cell culture-adapted strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Plasma samples were evaluated for antithrombin-III (AT-III) activities at post-inoculation days (PID) 0, 4, and 11 and at termination on PID 16 (1 cat) or 21 (5 cats). Other hemostatic values evaluated were activated partial thromboplastin times, prothrombin times, thrombin times, fibrinogen, platelet counts, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. Antithrombin-III activity remained within normal or above normal range (89 to 246%) in all cats, with the exception of one cat on PID 4 (AT-III, 70%). Mean baseline AT-III activity for 6 cats at PID 0 was 123%. Mean AT-III activity on PID 4, 11, and 16 or 21 was 98, 162, and 130%, respectively. On PID 4 and 16 or 21, results of coagulation screening tests indicated that all cats had disseminated intravascular coagulation. Histologically, cats also had severe fibrinonecrotizing thrombovasculitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Erythrocyte distribution in ducks.

A study on erythrocyte distribution was performed on 10 healthy, nonstressed adult white Pekin ducks. Results indicated 2 populations of erythrocytes, with average mean corpuscular volumes of 128.37 fl/cell and 308.50 fl/cell. Variations in erythrogram patterns were evident over time, when comparing specimens from different ducks or the same duck. There were 5 patterns of cell number/volume distribution observed between the 2 cell populations when all ducks were studied. Females had a greater change than did males when population density and volume percentage comparisons were made on erythrocyte compartments.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Enhanced platelet reactivity in heartworm-infected dogs.

Platelet number, mean platelet volume, and platelet function were evaluated in 34 clinically normal dogs and 28 heartworm-infected (HWI) dogs. Mean platelet numbers for dogs of the HWI group was not significantly lower than those for dogs of the control group (214,000 vs 254,000 cells/microliter); however, 6 (21%) HWI dogs had platelet numbers less than 150,000/microliter, compared with only 2 (6%) heartworm-negative dogs. The mean platelet volume was not significantly different (7.8 vs 7.7 fl) between the 2 groups of dogs. Mean platelet aggregation responses to intermediate and low concentrations of collagen (3.0 and 1.5 micrograms) and to high, intermediate, and low concentrations of ADP (25, 10, and 5 microM) were greater in dogs of the HWI group. Mean platelet 14C-serotonin release was also greater in HWI dogs in response to high concentration of ADP (25 microM) and to intermediate concentration of collagen (3.0 micrograms).

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1988

Comparative albumin determinations in ducks, chickens, and turkeys by electrophoretic and dye-binding methods.

Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations in male ducks, turkeys, and chickens were compared, using electrophoretic and dye-binding methods, as well as using a bovine and chicken albumin standard. When a chicken standard was used for determination of albumin and globulin concentrations by automated methods, results were more comparable with results of electrophoresis than were those when a bovine standard was used.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Isolation and characterization of porcine natural killer (NK) cells.

The morphologic and biological properties of porcine cells mediating natural killer (NK) activity were determined. In a previous study, we demonstrated that lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of pigs greater than 1 week of age possessed NK activity to K562 tumor cells and that lymphocytes from the blood and spleen of pigs greater than 1 day of age were able to mediate natural cytotoxicity against parainfluenza-3 (PI3) virus-infected Vero cells (Yang and Schultz, 1986a). Discontinuous density gradients were used to enrich NK cells. NK cytotoxicity was mainly present in high-density Percoll fractions (50 to 55% and 55 to 60%); little or no NK activity was present in lower density fractions. The NK cell enriched lymphocytes responded to the mitogens PHA, ConA and PWM. NK cells were sensitive to the suppressive effect of corticosteroid, but Protein A did not affect NK activity. The amount of cytotoxicity directly corresponded to the degree of binding that occurred between the NK enriched lymphocyte population and the target cells. Cytochemical and morphological studies demonstrated that these bond cells which are believed to be responsible for the NK activities, were mainly small to medium lymphocytes lacking azurophilic cytoplasmic granules. These findings were confirmed by ultrastructural studies of effector and "target-binding" cells. The results of the present study suggested that the cells mediating NK activity in pigs have the morphological and density characteristics of small and medium sized lymphocytes; findings that differ from those described for NK cells in human and other animal species.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of plasma and buffy coat ascorbic acid concentrations in dogs before and after a 24-hour fast.

Samples of blood were taken from 15 female and 15 male research laboratory Beagles before and after they were fasted for 24 hours. The mean buffy coat ascorbic acid concentration was significantly higher in dogs after they were fasted than that before they were fasted. In contrast, the mean plasma ascorbic acid concentration was significantly lower in dogs after they were fasted than that before they were fasted. The mean buffy coat ascorbic acid concentrations in blood samples of both fasted and nonfasted female Beagles was significantly greater than those of male Beagles, whereas the mean plasma concentrations of both fasted and nonfasted female Beagles was significantly lower than those of male Beagles. It was observed that whenever there was a decrease in plasma ascorbic acid concentration, there was an increase in buffy coat ascorbic acid concentration, regardless of fasting stress or sex difference.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of enterocentesis on peritoneal fluid constituents in the horse.

Peritoneal fluid was collected from 15 clinically normal horses and was analyzed for nucleated cell (NC) counts and specific gravity. Six horses (controls, group 1) were subjected to abdominocentesis only, with a teat cannula, every 24 hours for 5 days. There were no marked changes in the peritoneal fluid of these horses over the 5-day period. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 6 other horses (group 2) with an 8.89-cm 18-gauge needle. The needle was then advanced until intestinal fluid was obtained. Peritoneal fluid was then collected with teat cannulas at 24-hour intervals for an additional 4 days. Peritoneal fluid NC counts from group 2 horses were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at peak values 2 days after enterocentesis. Specific gravities of peritoneal fluid from group 2 horses were increased on days 1 and 2 after enterocentesis (P greater than 0.05). Peritoneal fluid from 3 other horses (group 3) was collected before enterocentesis (base line) and again at 4-hour intervals after enterocentesis. Peritoneal fluid NC counts of group 3 horses were markedly increased above base-line values 4 hours after enterocentesis and continued to increase for up to 12 hours after enterocentesis when the experiment was terminated. All horses that underwent enterocentesis remained clinically normal except 1 group 3 horse that had a fever (39.6 C) 24 hours after enterocentesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of human leukocyte A interferon on prevention of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of cattle.

Human leukocyte A interferon was evaluated for its ability to prevent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-induced respiratory tract disease in cattle. Weanling calves were treated daily for 1 week with 50 X 10(6) U of interferon, intranasally (by nebulization) and IM, and inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on the first day of treatment. Respiratory tract disease was less severe in treated as compared with nontreated calves which were given only infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and infection in the treated calves occurred later than in the untreated calves. Viral shedding and appearance of viral neutralizing antibodies occurred later in treated calves than in calves given only virus. Because several calves in a treatment group were housed together, whether the late appearance of infection in some interferon-treated calves was due to emergence of suppressed virus or to horizontal transmission from calves shedding virus could not be determined. One calf in the interferon-treated group developed antibody to human interferon and a few treated calves had transient elevation of hepatic enzymes. Interferon-treated calves developed a high temperature which subsided on termination of treatment. Production of disease was considerably dependent on the amount of virus and interferon given, since calves given 300 times more virus and approximately half as much interferon showed no evidence of protection against infection.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1983

The acute abdomen.

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Abdomen, Acute↗