Classical conditioning of blood pressure in Macaca mulatta with cardiac rate controlled.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
J S Turkkan
Publications and source records attributed to J S Turkkan.
Varying temporal location of a conditioned stimulus in heart rate conditioning of Macaca mulatta.
The several functions that a stimulus can assume were investigated in a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. The subjects were six rhesus monkeys; the response under observation was heart rate. The conditioning began with a temporal separation of zero between a signal and a regularly repeating electric shock; the signal was then moved to a series of earlier locations in the inter-shock interval. After six sessions at each location, two sessions followed in which only the shock was delivered periodically. The findings included: (1) A two-phased conditioned cardiac rate response seen at the first location became more multiphasic and irregular during longer intervals between signal and shock; (2) the location where the conditioned response peaked became increasingly variable as the signal was moved back, but this variability maintained a constant proportion to the signal-shock interval; and (3) heart rate during a presignal period, and during a comparable period in shock only sessions, was generally deceleratory early in training and acceleratory thereafter. Sessions with the signal showed heart rate in the presignal period to have become acceleratory earlier in training than sessions with shock only. The data pertain to stimulus control over heart rate as a function of: (A) the temporal proximity of a signal to an aversive stimulus; and, (B) the presence or absence of the signal. The use of appropriate response units in cardiac conditioning is also discussed.
Animals↗
Familial density of alcoholism: effects on psychophysiological responses to ethanol.
Recent research findings suggest that the patterning of familial alcoholism may critically determine ethanol sensitivity and severity of alcohol-related problems in the offspring. The present study examined the effects of familial alcoholism density on psychophysiological responses to ethanol administration in college males. Subjects with a positive family history of alcoholism were classified into affected biological father only (LD-FHP) versus both father and at least one second-degree affected relative (HD-FHP), and were compared to family history negative (FHN) subjects. Subjects received 1 g/kg ethanol or placebo in a double-blind procedure. A battery of subjective, physiological and psychomotor measures were collected once prior to and four times following drink administration. HD-FHP subjects showed significantly greater subjective effects, body sway and skin conductance after alcohol ingestion than either FHN or LD-FHP subjects; in contrast, there was no difference on any measure for LD-FHP versus FHN subjects. Our findings of increased ethanol sensitivity as a function of familial density of alcoholism strongly suggest the importance of carefully defining family history characteristics in all studies examining potential markers or risk factors for alcoholism.
Alcoholism↗
Hemodynamic effects of intravenous clonidine in the conscious, normotensive baboon.
Baboons were given eight doses of clonidine hydrochloride (0.04--40 micrograms/kg) via indwelling femoral venous catheters. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates were assessed for time course, magnitude of change, time-to-peak change, and duration of effect at each dosage level. The response to clonidine was found to be biphasic--an initial pressor response was followed by a depressor response. During the 2-min intravenous infusion, blood pressures rose while heart rate dropped. Blood pressures subsequently declined while heart rate remained low. Blood pressure decreases and heart rate decreases were both dose and time dependent. The 10-micrograms/kg dose was found to be maximally effective in reducing blood pressure and heart rate for long durations without also producing a substantial pressor episode during infusion.
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