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Biomedical subjects

J Salk

Publications and source records attributed to J Salk.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines.

The requirements for inducing immunity against an infectious disease are outlined, and the application of these requirements to the development of effective vaccines (vaccinology) is discussed. Influenza and poliomyelitis are examined from this viewpoint, and data are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of killed virus vaccines against these diseases. A comparison between live and killed poliovirus vaccines suggests the desirability of returning to the use of a killed virus vaccine for the eradication of polio. The natural history of influenza and experience with vaccination suggest that influenza might be brought under effective control by routine immunization in childhood with a polyvalent killed virus vaccine potentiated by an immunologic adjuvant.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

Production of a nasoantral window with an Ar+-laser.

In vitro experiments on perforating and cutting 14 human nasoantral walls using an argon laser are described. The drilling velocity is proportional to the power density up to 100 W/mm2. The cutting velocity is measured using focussed spots of 40 micrometer diameter and powers from 5 to 40 W. Histological studies were performed at the edges of the lesion. The experiments show that the technical problem for producing a window in the nasoantral wall using a laser can be solved.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Endonasal Ar+-laser beam guide system and first clinical application in vasomotor rhinitis (author's transl)].

First clinical experiences in the treatment of vasomotr rhinitis of 3 patients using an Ar+-laser are discussed. Punctiform and stripe laser lesions were produced on the lower human turbinates. Macroscopically the typical laser lesion consists of a central area of carbonisation surrounded by a sharply bordered zone of coagulation. Later a hyperemic margin arises. Some days after laser application an ulcus developes which is cleaned after some days. 20 days after laser application the wound is healed completely. The advantage of laser surgery is the absent of blood and pain if premedication and surface anesthesia are used. Laser surgery is compared with present-day surgical techniques for treatment of vasomotor rhinitis. Within the present time of observation of 6 months the patients are free of symptoms, if a sufficient laser surgical treatment took place. The laser surgical technique and the contruction of the laser beam guide system is described. At a laser power of 1.5-2 W and a beam diameter of 0.7 mm on the tissue the time of irradiation was several seconds on each lesion. The disadvantages of the laser technique are the high costs for the laser instrument and some technical problems with the nasal end tube.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanisms of autoimmunity and AIDS: prospects for therapeutic intervention.

The network theory of autoimmunity is presented with recent experimental data relevant to the understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDS. Schematically, effector T cells specific for self-antigens exist normally, but their activity is modulated and prevented by networks of regulatory T cells. As a result of mimicry between molecular components of microorganisms and self-antigens, autoimmune disease can be triggered by specific foreign pathogens which alter the state of activity of the network from suppression to activation. Conversely, by a procedure known as T-cell vaccination, autologous effector T cells re-injected after in vitro stimulation and attenuation may alter the state of the network from an activation to a suppression. Numerous observations are reviewed that support the concept of autoimmune activity in the destruction of non-infected T4 cells. Such activity is presumed to be triggered by an antigen of viral origin, the most likely, but not the only one, being the envelope protein gp 120. Based on this hypothesis, a T-cell vaccination procedure against effector T cells responsible for autoimmunopathic activity in HIV-seropositive patients is proposed, similar to the one known from experimental study of autoimmunity and presently being tested in human autoimmune diseases. Its purpose would be to prevent T-cell loss and the onset of immunodeficiency disease in HIV-seropositive patients. Apart from its potential therapeutic value, this procedure will have use as a therapeutic test from which insight will be gained about the immunopathogenesis of AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospects for the control of AIDS by immunizing seropositive individuals.

The long incubation period between infection and the development of clinical AIDS may be due to an immune response to the initial infection which persists with health and wanes with disease. If this response can be boosted, it may be possible to reduce the viral burden, prevent the development of disease and reduce contagiousness.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

One-dose immunization against paralytic poliomyelitis using a noninfectious vaccine.

Recent advances in production and standardization of noninfectious poliovirus vaccine now make it feasible to induce durable immunity against paralytic poliomyelitis with one dose of a suitably standardized vaccine. A single dose of a vaccine containing 40, 8, and 32 D-antigen units of type 1, 2, and 3, respectively, administered to six-month-old infants, was observed to induce antibody levels of greater than or equal to 1:4 in greater than 90% and immunologic memory in all. Since protection against paralysis is associated with the presence of either type-specific serum antibody or type-specific immunologic memory, and since immunologic memory once induced is irreversible, then lifelong immunity to paralytic poliomyelitis can be induced with a single dose of a suitably standardized vaccine administered at five to seven months of age. In areas of the world where exposure to poliovirus can occur before this age, vaccine should be administered earlier. Until the influence of age and/or maternal antibody has been further studied, infants immunized before the age of six months should receive a second dose after six months of age.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization of poliovirus neutralizing antibody tests.

Recently the Forum for Advancement of Immunization Research sponsored a Collaborative Study on Poliovirus Antibody Titration. Twenty laboratories from 12 countries participated. There were considerable differences in detail of test performance and test results among laboratories. The sensitivity of the tests varied over a 10-fold range (geometric mean titer from 21 to 288). The average coefficient of variation ranged from 4.5% to 13.5%. Tests performed at the Food and Drug Administration indicated that Hep-2 cells were more suitable than Vero cells for poliovirus titration by cytopathic effect end point or plaque assay. However, the cell lines were equally suitable for polio antibody titration by neutralization of cytopathic effect. A high degree of sensitivity and optimal reproducibility of antibody assay were observed in tests utilizing a medium to low dose of virus and serum-virus incubation overnight at 36 C. On the basis of current experience, a protocol is proposed for a test that provides high sensitivity and reproducibility and is practical for large-scale determinations of poliovirus antibody.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parameters for argon laser surgery of the lower human turbinates. In vitro experiments.

On 8 human lower turbinates in vitro, experiments were performed using an argon laser with a power of 1-10 W, a beam diameter of 0.2 and 2 mm. For clinical laser surgery of the turbinates 1-2 W is sufficient. Drilling, incision, coagulation and vaporizing experiments, were done on the tissue of the lower turbinates. The results of this laser surgery are discussed and compared with present-day surgical methods such as conchotomy, cutting of the posterior ends by slinging, and electrocautery of the lower turbinates.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental hemiglossectomy with an argon laser on tongues from dead humans and of liver rabbits].

On 8 tongues of decreased humans and 2 live rabbit tongues, drilling and incision experiments were performed using an argon laser. With a power of 50 W a hemiglossectomy was performed in 3-4 min. The average thickness of the tongue was 2 cm and the incision length 10 cm. It was shown on the liver rabbit tongue that no bleeding occurs during a partial hemiglossectomy except at the arteria lingualis. The macroscopical and histological changes of the tissue are described, viz, the carbonization zones, the irreparable cell damage and the coagulation and the hyperaemic edge. The cutting speeds and the incision and drilling data for tongues of varying thickness provide information on the technical conditions for clinical application. In addition, temperatures in the tissue during incision were recorded. The advantages of laser surgery of the tongue are compared with those achieved with the electric knife and scalpel.

Aged↗