Outcome report on a multi-centered clinical study.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
J Stanfield
Publications and source records attributed to J Stanfield.
Spectral comparison of solar simulators and sunlight.
In evaluating sunscreen efficacy, spectral distribution of the irradiation sources can influence the sun protection factor (SPF). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the uniformity of ultraviolet (UV) spectral irradiance of solar simulators used in various SPF testing laboratories, compare them with natural sunlight UV radiation (UVR), and recommend performance limits to ensure that the variability of radiation sources in the UVB region minimally affects SPF estimates. The critical portion of the solar erythemogenic spectrum was identified as the UVB portion, defined as the region between 280 and 320 nm. The spectral irradiance of 26 solar simulators and other UV sources was measured and compared with a summer noon solar spectrum measured in Albuquerque, NM. Proposed spectral limits were developed as a 6-nm "acceptance band" centered on this standard spectrum normalized at 320 nm. The results indicated that the xenon-arc solar simulators currently used in the United States in testing sunscreens either meet the proposed standard solar spectrum or can be readily modified with available UV filters to meet this standard. The devices that have spectral characteristics not resembling sunlight fail to meet the proposed standard and should not be used for sunscreen SPF testing.
Filtration↗
Identifying clinical nursing research priorities.
This paper describes a project conducted by a nursing research committee to identify and prioritize nursing research questions or topics that are most significant to the welfare of patients at a Southern university hospital. Ninety-seven nurses representing clinical staff, administration, and education were invited to participate in three rounds using the Delphi survey technique. Group consensus was reached on priority areas for nursing research at this particular institution. The purpose of this article is to outline the process of developing the project and discuss recommendations resulting from the survey.
Clinical Nursing Research↗
A prospective study of patient-controlled analgesia. Impact on overall hospital course.
Previous studies have shown that patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) provides effective pain control in the postoperative patient. To determine the impact of PCA technology on the overall hospital course, we designed a randomized controlled study comparing patients receiving analgesia using PCA infusion (Abbott Lifecare, Abbott Laboratories; Chicago, IL) with patients receiving analgesia by traditional intramuscular or intravenous methods. All patients had undergone elective cholecystectomy. Sixty-nine patients completed the study, 35 received traditional postoperative analgesia, and 34 received analgesia using the PCA infuser. Comparison of both groups demonstrated no significant difference in postoperative bowel activity with both groups receiving liquids on the first postoperative day. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to postoperative length of stay (3.4 days for PCA vs 3.6 days for traditional). Patients demonstrated a wide range of analgesic requirement in the first 24 hours but the average of the total analgesic required was higher in the PCA group (average, 29.5 mg) than the traditional group (22.8 mg). Urinary complications occurred more commonly in the group of patients receiving traditional analgesia than in the group of patients receiving analgesia with the PCA device. When compared with patients receiving analgesia by traditional methods, patients receiving the PCA infusion required more analgesia with fewer urinary complications and similar postoperative length of stay.
Adult↗
Relationship of age and season and consumption of Senecio vulgaris to LH/hCG receptors in the stallion testis.
Testes were obtained from 70 colts and stallions and were pooled according to age (4 months to 23 years) to determine the relationship of age to LH/hCG receptor kinetics. The receptor concentration (Rt) increased from 0.069 x 10(-11) M/mg crude membrane fraction (CMF) for the 4-14-month pools to 0.464 x 10(-11) M for the 2-3-year-old pools. A 10-fold increase in testicular size also occurred, and so the total number of receptors per testis was significantly increased. A further increase to 1.237 x 10(-11) M/mg CMF was observed for stallions older than 5 years. No differences in binding affinities (Ka) were observed for the various age groups: Ka values varied from 0.19 to 2.19 x 10(11) M-1. A seasonal effect was not (P less than 0.28) observed for Rt [0.74 x 10(-11) M vs 1.15 x 10(-11) M/mg CMF, winter (N = 5) vs summer (N = 4)] or for Ka (0.259 x 10(11) M-1 vs 0.393 x 10(11) M-1, winter vs summer). Immediately before death resulting from inadvertent long-term consumption of Senecio vulgaris, testes were removed from 5 stallions and pooled. An Rt of 0.046 x 10(-11) M/mg CMF was observed. Therefore, a decrease to 2.7% was observed when compared with values for normal stallions. The Ka, 0.036 x 10(11) M-1, was decreased to less than 10%. Stallions consuming sublethal amounts may have altered reproductive functions.
Aging↗