Failure of heparin to alter the outcome of pneumococcal meningitis.
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Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products↗
Biomedical subjects
J Stuart
Publications and source records attributed to J Stuart.
Coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of cerebrospinal fluid.
Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (fragments D and E) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid in 23.4% of 252 patients admitted to a neurological/neurosurgical unit. Other coagulation proteins of low molecular weight (plasminogen and factor IX) were also present but larger proteins (fibrinogen and factor V) were not. These findings are consistent with protein leakage across a blood-CSF barrier damaged by inflammatory, vascular, or neoplastic disease. Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage may not, therefore, be a reliable index of increased fibrinolytic activity in the subarachnoid space and may be misleading when selecting patients for fibrinolytic blockade.
Acute Disease↗
Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of blood neutrophils.
Patients with bacterial infection may show altered membrane permeability of the primary azurophilic lysosomes of blood neutrophils. A new enzyme cytochemical technique, sensitive to increased membrane permeability caused by contact of neutrophils with acetone, saponin, low pH, Streptolysin O, bacteria, and nylon wool, has been developed. The method is of potential value as a screening test for bacterial infection and for detecting neutrophil damage during filtration leucopheresis.
Acetates↗
A new host gene (groPC) necessary for lambda DNA replication.
The isolation of a bacterial mutation in a gene, designated groPC, which affects the growth of phages lambda and P2 is described. Lambda replication is severely limited in the strain, and some lambda pi mutations, which map in (or near) the P gene, allow growth. The gro mutation, groPC259, is recessive to wild type and maps between threonine (thr) and diaminopimelate (dapB) on the E. coli chromosome. The possibility that the groPC gene is concerned with host DNA replication is discussed.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Sodium valproate and platelet function.
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Anticonvulsants↗
Hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperviscosity in sickle-cell crisis.
Plasma fibrinogen concentration and whole-blood viscosity, the latter measured at two shear rates (23 and 230 sec-1), were estimated during eight episodes of sickle-cell crisis and compared with values in 26 sickle-cell anaemia patients who were not in crisis. Painful crisis was associated with a significant increase in both plasma fibrinogen and whole-blood viscosity. Increased fibrinogen-erythrocyte interaction in vivo may be a significant contributory factor to raising blood viscosity and precipitating vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle-cell disease.
Adolescent↗
Fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid.
An increase in low molecular weight fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) was demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 17 of 18 patients with bacterial or viral meningitis compared with 29 patients without meningitis. The CSF also showed an increase in coagulation proteins of molecular weight less than 90000 (factors VII, IX, and plasminogen) but did not contain fibrinogen (MW 340000) or plasminogen activator. It is concluded that low molecular weight FDP in the CSF in infective meningitis result from leakage through a damaged blood-CSF barrier rather than from local digestion of fibrin deposited on the meninges.
Child↗
Proceedings: Immunochemical characterization of a factor IX inhibitor following anamnestic response.
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Factor X↗
Bacterial flora of the ear, nose and throat in aboriginal infants from brisbane and cherbourg.
A total of 1,044 nose and throat swabs and 54 ear swabs were collected from 219 Aboriginal babies in Brisbane and at Cherbourg over a two-and-a-half year period. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be similar for both localities (approximately 20% in nasal swabs and 12% in throat swabs). Enterobacteria were found much more commonly at Cherbourg (43% in nasal swabs, 60% in throat swabs). Fifty-four ear swabs produced a wide variety of organisms with proteus species most common. Changes in the nose and throat flora over the period of examination are noted.
Australia↗
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a heterogenous disease.
By using several techniques to detect surface markers on T and B lymphocytes, 11 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) were studied. In four cases an insignificant number of markers were detected on the lymphoblast populations. In one case a significant number of blasts formed both sheep red blood cell rosettes and Fc rosettes, suggesting a T-cell origin for the neoplastic cells, and in another case the presence of Fc and C3 receptors on the lymphoblast population indicated a B-cell origin. In a further five cases 14-43% of the blasts had detectable surface immunoglobulin. It is concluded that A.L.L. is a heterogeneous disorder, some cases failing to express surface markers and others having either a T-or a B-lymphocyte origin or both.
Adolescent↗
Letter: Thrombolytic therapy in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.
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Anticoagulants↗
Enzyme cytochemistry of blood and marrow cells.
Diseases of the blood and bone marrow are commonly associated with abnormalities of oxido-reductase and lysosomal enzymes within individual erythrocytes and leucocytes. There are considerable technical difficulties, however, in adapting enzyme histochemical techniques to the study of haemopoietic tissue since individual cells are readily disrupted during processing, show variable enzyme activity according to the stage of maturation, and possess a lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane which hinders reagent penetration. Cytochemical techniques for the study of oxido-reductase systems are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients, the erythrocyte in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and the primitive blast cell in acute leukaemia. Lysosomal enzymes are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients and in the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Some examples of recent studies of these enzyme systems are given to illustrate technical procedures involving cytocentrifugation of cells on to glass slides, adjustment of the osmolality of the reaction mixture, and the study of smeared cells as opposed to cells incubated in suspension.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Serum gonadotrophins in young children.
LH and FSH were assayed in serum samples from children ranging from newborn to 13 years. In boys, LH was found in most samples up to 4 months of age, in many up to 10 months, but in only 38 percent between 1 and 8 years. In girls, it was found in only 29 percent of the samples under 1 year and the frequency and concentration changed little thereafter until 8-10 years. FSH was detected in all samples from boys up to 4 months and in most of those from girls up to 2 years. After these ages the frequency declined in each sex and there was little further change until 8-10 years. Between 1 and 8 years the proportion of samples containing either FSH or LH was similar for the two sexes, but whereas in boys high LH tended to be associated with high FSH, and vice versa, there was no such correlation in girls. The results are discussed in relation to gonadal development and steroid synthesis.
Adolescent↗
Excess intravascular coagulation complicating low cardiac output.
In 42 children with congenital heart disease coagulation factor levels were studied serially during the first 20 hours following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The acyanotic patients, and also cyanotic patients who survived the operation, showed a progressive improvement in their coagulation profile from initial low postoperative levels. In 12 cyanotic patients who died within 72 hours, however, the coagulation factor levels either remained low, or fell further, until death. Fresh frozen plasma was administered to eight of these patients without apparent benefit. The abnormal coagulation profile correlated significantly with low skin temperature and increased blood loss and was considered to represent excess intravascular coagulation secondary to low cardiac output and poor tissue perfusion.
Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
Anaemic crisis in sickle cell disease.
Sixteen episodes of acute anaemia necessitating urgent blood transfusion have been investigated in 13 children with sickle cell anaemia. In five out of seven episodes there was evidence of increased haemolysis while in 10 out of 16 episodes a profound fall in reticulocyte count indicated marrow erythroid cell failure. Cold agglutinins active at room temperature were detected in 13 episodes, and anti-I specificity was demonstrated in 11. Warmed blood of homologous ABO and Rhesus groups was administered without complication despite difficulty with cross-matching. The exacerbation of anaemia was not due to folate lack, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or splenic sequestration, and an infectious agent appeared responsible. The degree of anaemia in homozygous sickle cell disease is usually constant during asymptomatic periods. An episode of sudden profound anaemia (anaemic crisis) may, however, result from marrow hypoplasia, an exacerbation of haemolysis, splenic sequestration, or folate deficiency.
Acute Disease↗
The cytocentrifuge NBT test.
The NBT test is a non-specific test of neutrophil membrane stimulation which has application to the study of neutrophil function, particularly in the septicaemic patient. An improved cytochemical test which eliminates potential sources of laboratory error has been developed. Venous or capillary blood samples may be studied and the technique can be applied to the neutropenic patient since available neutrophils are concentrated by cytocentrifugation. Clinical evaluation in 443 patients is described.
Adolescent↗
The effect of vitreous humor on fluid transport by rabbit corneal endothelium.
The effects of vitreous humor and some of its components on the function of rabbit corneal endothelium were investigated and compared to those of artificial and natural aqueous humor. The rate of fluid pumping across the endothelium was measured while that layer was in contact with: (1) complete medium, an artificial aqueous solution; (2) pooled rabbit aqueous humor; (3) filtered and (4) unfiltered pooled rabbit vitreous humor; and (5) solid residue from vitreous humor. The relative magnitudes of the rates were: complete medium greater than aqueous larger than or equal to filtered vitreous greater than vitreous larger than or equal to solid residue. A definite adverse effect of unfiltered vitreous and of its solid residue on endothelial pumping was observed. It is suggested that the solid (collagenous) elements in vitreous humor may be responsible for these effects and perhaps for those generically referred to as the "vitreous touch syndrome" in clinical studies.
Animals↗