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Biomedical subjects

J T Long

Publications and source records attributed to J T Long.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Biomechanical implications of the negative heel rocker sole shoe: gait kinematics and kinetics.

Rocker sole shoes are commonly prescribed to diabetic patients with insensate feet. Recent passage of the therapeutic shoe bill has drawn an increased focus to prescription rehabilitative footwear. The purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamics of lower extremity joints (hip, knee and ankle) with the application of a negative heel rocker sole shoe under controlled lab conditions. Forty normal adults volunteered for gait evaluations using controlled baseline and prescription negative heel rocker sole shoes. Three-dimensional motion analysis techniques were used to acquire kinematic and kinetic data using a six-camera Vicon 370 motion system and two AMTI force plates. No significant change in walking speed or stride length was seen with the negative heel rocker shoe, although cadence was increased. The most significant kinematic changes with the application of the negative heel shoe occurred at the ankle in the sagittal plane with increased plantarflexion at terminal stance. Significant hip and knee changes were also noted with increased mid-stance hip extension and knee flexion. The most significant kinetic effects were seen in the transverse plane followed by changes in the sagittal and coronal planes. Changes in power were mostly noted in the sagittal plane. Other statistically significant changes in gait kinematics and kinetics were observed, although the magnitudes and durations were limited and as a result were not considered clinically significant. The study results indicated the negative heel rocker shoe significantly altered proximal joint metrics (hip and knee). The most significant distal joint alterations were seen in sagittal plane ankle kinetics. These kinematic and kinetic changes, along with previously studied effects of pressure relief at the metatarsal heads, should aid medical professionals in prescribing prophylactic footwear.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Planning nursing education for the 21st century.

In looking towards the 21st century, the faculty at the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing, along with the Presbyterian Health Services Corporation and Queen's College, adopted a 1-2-1 programme. The process of developing a new nursing curriculum is presented as the task force proceeded from the philosophy and goals to conceptual framework and curriculum objectives. After discussions with nurse administrators and educators, extensive literature reviews and brainstorming sessions, concepts and subconcepts were chosen to form a philosophy. The metaparadigm of nursing and other related concepts were then organized into a conceptual framework. Ongoing communication and feedback from the faculty ensured group ownership of all documents. The eclectic organizational scheme was a good fit for a large faculty with differing beliefs and values about a nursing curriculum. The process of developing a future orientated nursing curriculum has been exciting, challenging and rewarding. The faculty is committed to the new philosophy, goals and conceptual framework and believe that the 1-2-1 programme will educate future practitioners who are prepared to meet the challenges and changes in health care for the 21st century.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1988

The mu opiate receptor is responsible for descending pain inhibition originating in the periaqueductal gray region of the rat brain.

Opiate agonists exhibiting selectivity for mu, kappa, sigma, and delta opiate receptors were microinjected into the periaqueductal gray region (PAG) of the brain of rats to determine the receptor subtype(s) associated with the initiation of descending pain inhibition. The spinally organized, heat nociceptive tail-flick reflex was used to detect analgesia. Only morphine (mu) and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) (delta greater than mu) produced analgesia. However, both drugs appeared to be acting through the mu (morphine) receptor, since: (1) the action of DADLE was not inhibited by delta receptor antagonists, (2) a more highly selective delta agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin was ineffective and (3) agonists selective at other non-mu receptor sites (ethylketocyclazocine and U50,488H for kappa; n-allylnormetazocine for sigma) were also ineffective. It appeared that DADLE might be acting as a partial agonist at the morphine receptor in the PAG. The peptide was an agonist with low efficacy, and when a maximally effective dose of the peptide was administered simultaneously with morphine antagonism was observed. Ethylketocyclazocine and n-allylnormetazocine were also found to antagonize morphine, an observation that is consistent with the suggestion that they may act as mu receptor antagonists in addition to their agonistic action at kappa and sigma receptors, respectively. Thus, mu receptors appear to be responsible for the spinopetal analgesia from the PAG of the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Normal resting and exercising muscle blood flow during acute ethanol infusion.

We have examined the effect of ethanol on muscle blood flow at rest and during electrically stimulated exercise in five normal dogs using the isolated gracilis muscle preparation. Under pentobarbital anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, ethanol (15% in 0.9% NaCl) infused at 4 mL/min for 2 hr produced an arterial blood concentration of 268 +/- 10 mg/dL (X +/- SEM). Resting muscle blood flow was 6.3 +/- 0.9 mL/min/100 gm in 8 dogs infused with saline alone. During stimulated contraction using supramaximal voltage at a rate of 5 stimuli/sec, respective mean flows for ETOH and saline dogs at 1, 5, 10, and 30 min were 35.5, 19.9, 27.7, 22.2, and 22.0, 20.0, 23.6, and 19.1 mL/min/100 gm. The 1-min flow rate for ethanol infused animals was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that observed in saline infused animals. The remainder of the values were not significantly different. Potassium release from contracting muscle was normal. These observations do not support the theory that ethanol induces vasoconstriction in the vascular bed of skeletal muscle nor do they support the postulation that muscle cell ischemia plays a role in alcoholic myopathy.

Animals↗