Biomedical subjects

J Tagami

Publications and source records attributed to J Tagami.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Bonding amalgam to enamel: shear bond strength and SEM morphology.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Most studies of amalgam bonding have used dentin as the substrate. There is little data on bonding to enamel. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the shear bond strength of amalgam to enamel with the use of 3 resin cements, 1 resin-modified glass ionomer lining cement, and 2 dentin bonding agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty bovine teeth were trimmed to expose a flat enamel surface and randomly assigned to 6 test groups of 10 specimens each. A single-plane lap shear test assembly was used. The enamel surfaces were treated with either Amalgambond Plus (group I, control), 2 coats of Amalgambond Plus (group II), light-polymerized Panavia F followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized Panavia F (group III), light-polymerized Fuji Lining LC followed by an additional coat of acid-base set Fuji Lining LC (group IV), Clearfil SE Bond followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized Panavia F (group V), or Single Bond followed by an additional coat of autopolymerized RelyX ARC (group VI). Freshly mixed amalgam was condensed against the treated enamel surfaces. Shear bond strengths for each group were compared with 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan's test (P=.05). Fracture modes were examined visually. SEM observations of the fractured enamel surfaces, interfacial morphology, and conditioned enamel surfaces for each group were performed. RESULTS: Low bond strengths of 1.2 and 1.6 MPa were obtained in groups VI and I, respectively. The dual application of materials in all remaining groups resulted in higher bond strengths that ranged from 14.2 to 15.7 MPa. SEM illustrations revealed various degrees of intermingling between the adhesive material and amalgam. The conditioned enamel surfaces were morphologically varied according to conditioning solution. CONCLUSION: In this in vitro study, with the exception of group VI, the dual application of either adhesive resins or resin-modified glass ionomer resulted in satisfactory bond strengths of amalgam to enamel (up to 16 MPa).

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2001

[Dental treatment in the north area of Ishigaki Island in Okinawa].

Dental treatment and oral health care were performed on inhabitants in the north area of Ishigaki Island in Okinawa. There are no dentists in the area at present. One hundred sixty-six patients received treatment taking 528 man-days, during the period from November 9 to December 8, 2000. The area has 2 primary schools and 1 junior high school. The average DMFT of the children in the primary schools was 1.31, and in the junior high school it was 4.98. Compared with Japanese national survey data, the children in the area had a higher DMFT. Among the treatment procedures, the rate of conservative treatment was 62%, most of which was composite resin filling. Preventive measures for dental disease were offered to the inhabitants by means of topical fluoride application or oral health education. The period of this promotion was too short to perform complete dental treatment and to prevent caries and periodontal disease. It seems that primary prevention and higher dental hygiene education are needed for inhabitants in no-dentist areas, because the inhabitants do not have access to dental service easily.

Community Dentistry↗

PubMed2001

Relationship between bond strengths and nanoleakage: evaluation of a new assessment method.

PURPOSE: To test if there was a correlation between resin-dentin bond strengths and nanoleakage of total etch and self-etching primer bonding systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten extracted third molars were ground flat with 600 grit SIC paper under running water to expose middle dentin. Clearfil Liner Bond 2V or Single Bond was applied to the dentin surface according to the manufacturers' instructions. A crown was built-up with Clearfil AP-X resin-based composite, and the specimens stored in water for 24 hrs at 37 degrees C. The bonded assemblies were cut mesiodistally perpendicular to the interface into approximately 0.7 mm thick slabs, and trimmed for microtensile bond strength testing. Alternate slices from each tooth were either entirely double-coated with nail varnish leaving a 0.5 mm window around the interface, or left uncoated to be immersed in water for 13 hrs as the control. The varnished (experimental) slabs were immersed in 50% AgNO3 for 1 hr, and then immersed in a photo developing solution for 12 hrs. All specimens were subjected to microtensile bond test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. After debonding, the specimens were embedded in epoxy resin and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope for determination of lateral silver penetration within the interface. Silver penetration was further analyzed under the SEM. Data were analyzed with one- and two-way ANOVA, Fisher's PLSD test (P < 0.05), and regression analysis. RESULTS: The bond strengths of Clearfil Liner Bond 2V and Single Bond were not significantly different (P > 0.05); however the bond strengths of the specimens that were soaked in 50% AgNO3 for 1 hr significantly increased (P < 0.01). No correlation was observed between bond strengths and nanoleakage.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2001

The effects of bonding system and light curing method on reducing stress of different C-factor cavities.

PURPOSE: The effect of the slow-start curing method on the marginal sealing and cavity wall adaptation on resin composite restorations with different C-factors was evaluated. METHODS: Cylindrical cavities, 1 mm deep and 3 mm in diameter (C-factor=2.3) or 2 mm in diameter (C-factor=3) were prepared on flat superficial bovine dentin surfaces. The teeth were restored with Clearfil Photo Bond, Clearfil Liner Bond 2 or Super-Bond D Liner adhesive systems followed by Photo Clearfil Bright composite. The resins were cured with a conventional method using 600 mW/cm2 (tip-to-resin distance 0 mm) for 60 s, or the slow-start curing method of 270 mW/cm2 (tip-to-resin distance 10 mm) for 10 s, followed by a 5-s interval, then 50 s at 600 mW/cm2. After thermocycling, a dye penetration test was carried out. The dye penetration length was calculated as a percentage of the total cavity wall length. RESULTS: Cavity-wall gap formation increased when the C-factor increased from 2.3 to 3, except in one material, Super-Bond D Liner, which showed good marginal sealing and resin composite adaptation to the cavity wall regardless of light curing method and C-factor. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to take care when a cavity with a high C-factor is to be restored with resin composite. The combination of a flexible adhesive and the slow-start curing method would seem to be effective in reducing polymerization contraction stress for large C-factor cavities.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Dimensional changes of demineralized dentin treated with HEMA primers.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the dimensional changes of demineralized dentin before and after application of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). METHODS: The middle portion of bovine dentin was ground, polished, and covered with a vinyl tape with a 4-mm hole punched through it. A strip of polysiloxane impression material was then placed across the center of the dentin surface to preserve a strip of the original unetched surface. Dentin surfaces were etched with 32% phosphoric acid for 60 s and rinsed with water. The impression material was then removed and the following sequential steps were performed: the dentin surface was mildly air-dried, then strongly air-dried, then treated with either 35 wt.% HEMA/water or 100 wt.% HEMA and mildly air-dried, and then strongly dried again. The shrinkage of the demineralized dentin surface from the original unetched level was measured by CLSM in each step and results analyzed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The dimensional changes of demineralized dentin after mild air drying were approximately -1 micron and, following strong air drying, resulted in -5 microns shrinkage. Following the application of 35 wt.% HEMA/water, the height of the demineralized dentin changed to a level of -3.3 microns, but then shrank to -4.8 microns after strong drying. ANOVA indicated that re-expansion of the shrunken etched dentin was significant (p < 0.05); however, the treated surface collapsed when it was strongly dried again (p < 0.05). 100% HEMA did not re-expand the shrunken demineralized dentin under any of the application on protocols (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Thirty-five wt.% HEMA in water re-expanded the collapsed demineralized dentin matrix, however not to the original level. One hundred wt.% HEMA did not cause any re-expansion.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2000

The influence of storage solution on dentin bond durability of resin cement.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the influence of storage solution on the bond durability of three resin cements to bovine dentin over the period of 1 year. METHODS: Ten bovine dentin specimens were tested for shear bond strength with each material (Panavia 21, Kuraray Co.; BISTITE, Tokuyama Co; MASA Bond, Sun Medical Co.) and storage mode, listed below. Four storage environments were studied as follows: water changed every day for 1 year; water unchanged for 1 year; Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) changed every week over 1 year; PBS unchanged for 1 year. Ten teeth were also tested for each material at 1 day as a control. The mode of failure was classified after fracture of the bonds by SEM observation. The means of the bond strengths were compared statistically by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (p < 0.05). Results for the mode of fracture were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Although there was no statistical difference in the mean bond strengths between the water and PBS storage solutions (p > 0.05) in all cements, the results for the shear bond strengths in the changed storage solution groups were significantly lower than those where the storage solution remained unchanged (p < 0.05). There were statistical differences between the 1 day results and the changed water groups among all cements (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The storage condition influenced the long-term durability of dentin bonding with resin cements.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed2000

Effect of region and dentin perfusion on bond strengths of resin-modified glass ionomer cements.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that regional differences and pulpal pressure would significantly affect bond strengths of resin-modified glass ionomer cements to dentin. METHODS: Twenty-six extracted caries-free human third molars were ground to expose middle dentin and were randomly divided into two groups for bonding: no pulpal pressure and pulpal pressure of 15cm H(2)O. Fuji II LC, Vitremer, or Photac-Fil Quick were applied to the previously pre-treated surfaces and light-cured as recommended by the manufacturers. After immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24h, the teeth were sectioned to 0.7mm thick slabs, divided into pulp horn, center, and peripheral regions according to visual criteria, and trimmed along the bonded interface for microtensile bond test to a cross-sectional area of 1mm(2). The slabs were subjected to tensile forces and the data analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD at the 95% level of confidence. RESULTS: For Fuji II LC, bond strengths to the pulp horn regions were significantly lower than those to the other regions independent of pulpal pressure (p<0.05). On the other hand, regional bond strengths were not observed for Vitremer and Photac-fil Quick 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulpal pressure had a stronger influence on bond strengths and failure modes of resin-modified glass ionomers than regional differences of the substrate.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on regional bond strengths of compomers to dentine.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the regional bond strengths of compomers to dentine. METHODS: Thirty freshly extracted molars were ground flat to expose the dentine and randomly divided into two groups for bonding: no hydrostatic pressure and hydrostatic pressure of 15cm H(2)O. Xeno CF, Dyract AP and F 2000 were applied to dentine surfaces pretreated by the respective bonding systems following the manufactures' instructions, and then restored with Clearfil AP-X. After 24h storage in water, the teeth were sectioned into 0.7-mm thick slabs and visually divided into three regional subgroups: the region communicating with the pulp through dentinal tubules (pulp horn); the region between the pulp horns (center); and the region between the pulp horn and DEJ (periphery). The specimens were trimmed to a cross-sectional area of 1mm(2) and subjected to the micro-tensile bond test. The data were analyzed by one- and three-way ANOVA, and Fisher's PLSD (p<0.05). RESULTS: There were no significant regional differences of bond strengths for all the compomers tested (p>0.05). However, hydrostatic pressure significantly decreased the bond strength of F 2000 to all regions (p<0.05), while the bond strength of Dyract AP significantly decreased only at the pulp horn region (p<0.05). On the other hand, the bond strengths of Xeno CF seemed not to be affected by hydrostatic pressure (p>0.05). For Dyract AP and F 2000, the fracture modes were affected by hydrostatic pressure, while, for Xeno CF, there were no significant differences between the fracture modes with non- or positive hydrostatic pressure. SIGNIFICANCE: Simulated pulpal pressure of 15cm H(2)O had a greater influence on the bond strengths of compomers to dentine than did dentine regions. Therefore, when measuring the bond strengths of compomers to dentine under the simulated in vivo conditions, the wetness of the dentine surface, as well as the intrinsic properties of each material should be seriously considered.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Monkey pulpal response and microtensile bond strength beneath a one-application resin bonding system in vivo.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate the biocompatibility and microtensile bond strength of a one-application resin bonding system. METHODS: Class V cavities were prepared on the facial surfaces of 36 intact monkey teeth, and the cavities were restored with an experimental one-application resin bonding system (TOF-1; Tokuyama Corp., Tokuyama, Japan) and a hybrid resin composite (PALFIQUE ESTELITE; Tokuyama Corp., Tokuyama, Japan). Histopathological changes of the restored teeth were evaluated at 3, 30 and 90 days after operation (N = 10). Microtensile bond tests were performed at 3 and 90 days after operation (N = 10). RESULTS: Only two of 30 pulps showed a slight inflammatory cell infiltration. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of slight inflammatory cell infiltration among time periods. Bacterial penetration along the cavity walls could not be detected in any specimen. The mean microtensile bond strength at 3 days after operation was 20.6 MPa, and that at 90 days was 14.9 MPa. Differences in bond strengths between the 3 day specimen and the 90 day specimen were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The one-application resin bonding system exhibited acceptable biologic compatibility to the monkey pulp. Although there were statistically significant differences in bond strengths between the 3 day specimen and the 90 day specimen, this material provided a hermetic seal, eliminating bacterial microleakage.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2000

Role of F1F0-ATPase in the growth of streptococcus mutans GS5.

The role of F1F0-ATPase in Streptococcus mutans GS5 was investigated by isolating a mutant (NTS1) defective in enzyme activity by homologous recombination with a plasmid encoding the 5' terminal fragment of the F1F0-ATPase beta-subunit gene. The ATPase activity of NTS1 membranes was 49% that of GS5 membranes. The lag phase of the growth curve of NTS1 was longer than that for GS5, and the lag phase of GS5 and NTS1 were prolonged by the addition of ionophore gramicidin D; at stationary phase, the turbidity of the NTS1 culture was less than that of the GS5 culture. These results suggest that S. mutans F1F0-ATPase contributes to the generation of a stoichiometric electrogenic gradient effectively in the lag phase.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2000

A light and transmission microscopic study of mechanically exposed monkey pulps: dynamics of fiber elements during early dentin bridge formation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation was to assess the role of the von Korff-like fibers (VKF) during the process of dentin bridging. STUDY DESIGN: The monkey pulps, exposed to a hard-set calcium hydroxide, were evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 90, and 180 days. RESULTS: At 21 days, longitudinal and transverse collagen fibrils were organized as lamellar structures in close proximity to and subjacent to the newly formed predentin. VKF bundles were present between newly formed odontoblastoid cells. The VKF were bundles of thin collagen fibrils inserted into the predentin, which consisted of thick collagen fibrils. At 30 days, the exposure site was completely occluded with a new predentin matrix; lamellar structures and VKF were no longer present. CONCLUSIONS: The VKF may play a role in the connective tissue attachment to the dentin bridge, early in its formation.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Interchangeability of resin composites and bonding agents based on bis-GMA or UDMA].

Recently, dentin bonding systems have been released separately from the resin composites, because the adhesive systems have been quickly improved. Since the merit of each material should be effectively utilized for each clinical case, the bonding systems and resin composites produced by different manufacturers may be combined according to the clinical purpose. The current restorative resins are basically categorized into two groups according to the main resin monomer, bis-GMA or UDMA resins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interchangeability between the bonding systems and resin composites, which were made by different manufacturers. Two bonding systems and five resin composites based on bis-GMA or UDMA were used in this study. The evaluation was performed by the tensile bond strength, fracture modes, and SEM observation, using the dentin surface of freshly-extracted bovine teeth. The highest bond strength (19.2 MPa) was shown by the combination of LBII sigma and AP-X. The bond strengths of nine other combinations were not statistically different (p > 0.05). There were many cohesive failures in dentin or resin composite, using all combinations. From the results, it was concluded that the interchangeability of the resin composites and bonding systems should be clinically acceptable.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Bond strengths of self-etching primer adhesives to in vitro-demineralized dentin following mineralizing treatment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if treatment of experimentally demineralized dentin with a calcium phosphate precipitating (CPP) solution could restore the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to that of normal mineralized control values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The occlusal surfaces of human teeth were exposed for bonding. The teeth were assigned to a mineralized control group or one of three demineralized (40% phosphoric acid for 60 s) experimental groups. One of the experimental groups remained untreated, while the other two were treated with the CPP solutions for either 1 or 10 min. All experimental groups were then chemically dehydrated with ascending acetone concentrations to prevent shrinkage prior to bonding with Clearfil Liner Bond 2 (LB2) or MacBond II (MBII). Composite buildups were made and vertically, serially sectioned into multiple slabs about 0.7 mm thick. Each slab was then trimmed for microtensile bond testing and SEM examination. RESULTS: Both self-etching adhesives produced high bond strengths to control mineralized dentin (ca 42 and 37 MPa for LB2 and MBII, respectively). Acid etching with 40% phosphoric acid for 60 s followed by chemical dehydration significantly lowered (p < 0.05) bond strength to 26 and 27 MPa for LB2 and MBII, respectively, and created hybrid layers between 7 and 8 microns thick. When the demineralized dentin was treated with the CPP solution for 1 min, the bond strengths increased (p < 0.05) to 39 for LB2 and 42 MPa for MBII, and the hybrid layers were 11 microns thick. Increasing the CPP treatment time to 10 min lowered (p < 0.05) bond strengths but increased the hybrid layer thickness to 16 to 20 microns. CONCLUSION: The use of calcium phosphate precipitating solutions may permit higher bond strengths of self-etching primers to demineralized (e.g., caries-affected) dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2000

Physical properties of the dentin-enamel junction region.

PURPOSE: To determine the physical properties between enamel and dentin at the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) region of natural tooth structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultimate tensile cohesive strengths of the DEJ region of human and bovine teeth were measured using a microtensile test, and the nanohardness and Young's modulus from deep enamel to superficial dentin of human teeth were measured using a nanoindentation tester. RESULTS: The mean ultimate tensile cohesive strengths of bovine and human DEJ region were 47.7 MPa and 51.5 MPa, respectively. The nanohardness, dynamic hardness and Young's modulus of the DEJ region showed moderate values between those of enamel and dentin. Comparison of the cohesive strength of the human DEJ region with previous results of the bond strength of resin bonding systems indicate that current resin bonding systems might reproduce the biological adhesion of enamel to dentin in terms of the tensile strength. Moreover, the indentation properties of the DEJ region showed higher values than those of the underlying dentin or of resin impregnated dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2000

Comparative microtensile bond strength and SEM analysis of bonding to wet and dry dentin.

PURPOSE: To compare bond strengths of resins to acid-etched wet vs. dry dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human third molars were bonded with One-Step (OS), Single Bond (SB) or Clearfil PhotoBond (PB) under control moist or air-dried (5 s air blast) conditions. Tensile bond strengths were tested using the microtensile bond testing method. Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the quality and thickness of the hybrid layers following polishing and acid plus NaOCl-challenge. RESULTS: The tensile bond strengths of OS, SB and PB were significantly (P < 0.01) lower (8-19 MPa) to air-dried dentin than to moist dentin (39-50 MPa). No hybrid layers were seen in the air-dried specimens bonded with OS or SB, while relatively thin hybrid layers were produced by PB. In contrast, moist dentin produced high bond strengths with all bonding systems and created thicker, acid/NaOCl-resistant hybrid layers. These results support the predictions of a previously published morphologic model and offer a morphologic explanation for the differences in bond strengths between wet vs. dry bonds.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1999

Effect of intrinsic wetness and regional difference on dentin bond strength.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of intrinsic wetness on regional bond strengths of adhesive resins to dentin. METHODS: Human caries-free third molars were randomly divided into three groups for bonding: Group 1--no pulpal pressure; Group 2--pulpal pressure of 15 cm H2O; and Group 3--dentin dried overnight in a desiccator. Clearfil Liner Bond II (Kuraray) or One Step (Bisco) adhesive resins systems were applied to the flat dentin surfaces and the teeth were restored with APX resin composite (Kuraray). After 24 h in water at 37 degrees C, the specimens were sectioned into 0.7 mm thick slabs and divided into three regional subgroups according to the remaining dentin thickness and visual criteria: pulp horn, center, and periphery. The slabs were then trimmed for the micro-tensile bond test and subjected to a tensile force and crosshead of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test at a confidence level of 95%. The fracture modes were determined under a scanning electron microscope (JXA-840, JEOL, Japan). RESULTS: No significant regional difference was observed for the Group 1 and 2 specimens restored with Clearfil Liner Bond II (p > 0.05). However, bond strengths significantly decreased at the pulp horn region of the Group 1 and 2 specimens restored with One Step (p > 0.01). All bond strengths of Group 3 decreased significantly and regional differences were not evident (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The dentin adhesive system should be chosen according to the substrate and region to be bonded, since bond strengths can vary according to the intrinsic wetness, region, and the adhesive system.

Dental Bonding↗

PubMed1999

Effects of direct resin pulp capping techniques on short-term response of mechanically exposed pulps.

The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the effects of direct pulp capping techniques on the short-term response of mechanically exposed pulps using three commercially available adhesive resin systems. Class V cavities were prepared on the facial surface of 200 intact monkey teeth. Pulps were exposed with a carbide bur on the cavity floor. Each exposed pulp was capped with one of three commercially available adhesive resins or a hard-setting calcium hydroxide liner. All cavities were sealed with an adhesive resin, and were restored with hybrid resin composites. Inflammatory cell infiltration and dentine bridging of the exposed pulp and protrusion of the exposed pulp tissue into the cavities were evaluated histologically at 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. A slight inflammatory cell infiltration was the principal reaction of the exposed pulp. The exposed area was occluded over time with dentine bridging in all groups. However, a protrusion of pulp tissue into the prepared cavity was observed at the periphery of the exposed area in all groups. These tissues communicated with the underlying pulp. The incidence of pulp tissue protrusion was ranked in order of increasing severity: Liner Bond II < Dycal < Bondwell LC = Super Bond C&B. Following pulp capping of the mechanical exposures, slight inflammation was the main reaction. Exposures became occluded with a dentine bridge over time. However, the protrusion of pulp tissue into cavities varied, depending on the materials used.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding of four commercially available adhesive systems to ground and intact enamel surfaces. METHODS: Extracted human teeth were used to measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to observe the bonded interface and the effect of the surface conditioning of each material. Intact buccal enamel surfaces were cleansed with tooth paste using a rotary dental brush, and the ground enamel surfaces were prepared by reducing approximately 0.5 mm from the buccal enamel surfaces using a high-speed diamond bur. One-Step (OS, Bisco), Single Bond (SB, 3M), Clearfil Liner Bond II (LBII, Kuraray), and Tokuso Mac Bond II (MBII, Tokuso) were evaluated for their ability to bond to enamel. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in bond strengths between the materials when they were applied to ground enamel surfaces (p > 0.05). However, the bond strengths of the self-etching systems, LBII and MBII, had significantly lower bond strengths to intact enamel than the bonding systems OS and SB using phosphoric acid etching (p < 0.05). FE-SEM revealed that the etching pattern of self-etching primers was not deep enough to obtain good penetration of bonding resin when applied to intact enamel surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphoric acid etching produced good resin adhesion to ground and intact enamel. The self-etching/self-priming systems also produced good adhesion to ground enamel, but had lower bond strengths to intact enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗