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Biomedical subjects

J Tucker

Publications and source records attributed to J Tucker.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Evidence for cross-regulation of Fc gamma RIIIB (CD16) receptor-mediated signaling by Fc gamma RII (CD32) expressed on polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) express the low affinity receptors for the Fc domain of IgG (Fc gamma R), Fc gamma RII (CD32), and the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked isoform of Fc gamma RIII (Fc gamma RIIIB, CD16) on their cell surface. Both of these receptors have been shown to be signal-transducing molecules. However, the mechanisms involved in such signaling are not clearly understood. In this report, we investigated intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) signals triggered in PMN by both the receptors using aggregated human IgG (AggIgG) and specific mAb to Fc gamma RII (KuFc79) and Fc gamma RIII (3G8) as ligands. Addition of AggIgG as well as cross-linking of mAb KuFc79 and 3G8 bound to PMN induced [Ca2+]i flux. However, preincubation of PMN with mAb KuFc79 (whole Ig or Fab fragments) in the absence of cross-linking abrogated the [Ca2+]i flux induced by AggIgG and mAb 3G8, indicating that Fc gamma RII receptor occupancy by mAb KuFc79 can block signals mediated by Fc gamma RIIIB. KuFc79-isotype-matched control mAb (MOPC 195) did not abolish the signals generated by AggIgG and mAb 3G8. In addition, mAb KuFc79 did not abrogate [Ca2+]i responses elicited by the receptor for the chemotactic peptide FMLP indicating that modulation of signal transduction by Fc gamma RII-bound KuFc79 is selective for certain receptors. Immunofluorescence analysis of PMN initially treated with mAb KuFc79 followed by AggIgG showed that KuFc79 did not block the binding of AggIgG to PMN. Similarly, competitive binding studies revealed no stearic hindrance between mAb KuFc79 bound to Fc gamma RII and mAb 3G8 bound to Fc gamma RIIIB. Thus, the ability of mAb KuFc79 to modulate signals induced by AggIgG and 3G8 strongly suggests that Fc gamma RII may regulate Fc gamma RIIIB signaling. While previous studies on Fc gamma RII revealed a requirement for cross-linking of the receptor to induce its effector functions, the present study shows that binding of mAb KuFc79 to Fc gamma RII itself, even in a univalent form, results in cross-regulation of Fc gamma RIIIB-triggered signals. Treatment of PMN with protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A, abrogated the [Ca2+]i signals elicited by both mAb KuFc79 and 3G8. These results suggest that tyrosine kinase enzyme(s) associated with these receptors may be crucial for positive/negative signals triggered by Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIIIB.

Antibodies, Monoclonal

CD32A (Fc gamma RIIa) mRNA expression and regulation in blood monocytes and cell lines.

The cell surface expression of the CD32 receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (Fc gamma RII) is highly regulated by agents such as phorbol ester (PMA) and cytokines. In this study we investigated the regulatory effects of PMA, aggregated IgG (AIgG) and KuFc79 anti-CD32 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on the expression of the CD32A isomer mRNA. When U937 (CD32+ cells) are incubated with PMA a significant enhancement of the CD32A isomer mRNA is observed. The CD32A mRNA is also markedly enhanced when the CD32+ K562 cells are incubated with AIgG and anti-CD32 mAb but not with control MOPC-195 mAb. The addition of actinomycin D (ActD), a transcriptional inhibitor together with PMA, AIgG or KuFc79 mAb diminishes the enhanced levels of CD32A mRNA to the basal, constitutively expressed levels, implicating transcriptional regulation in this modulatory process. The PMA induced mRNA is rapidly degraded while the constitutively expressed CD32A mRNA is not, suggesting differential regulation of the stimulated vs the unstimulated CD32A mRNA. Inhibition of protein synthesis does not significantly affect the upregulation of CD32 mRNA by PMA, AIgG or KuFc79 in U937 and K562 cells. The upregulation of CD32A mRNA observed in the cell lines U937 and K562 is also detected when normal blood monocytes are used. Similarly to the cell lines the enhancement of CD32A mRNA in monocytes is blocked by ActD.

Adolescent

The role of appraisal in human emotions: a cross-cultural study.

Several theories of emotion propose that emotional responses are largely determined by the way events are appraised. To determine whether the proposed dimensions of appraisal are consistent across cultures, 973 Ss from the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and the People's Republic of China were asked to describe emotional experiences. Few differences between the 3 cultures were observed on the more primitive dimensions (pleasantness, attentional activity, certainty, coping ability, and goal/need conduciveness) and on 2 of the more cognitively complex dimensions (legitimacy and norm/self compatibility). More substantial differences were observed on 3 other complex dimensions (control, responsibility, and anticipated effort). Considerable pan-cultural consistency was also observed in the dimensions of subjective experience of emotion and in the relations between these dimensions and cognitive appraisals.

Adaptation, Psychological

Interfacial adsorption of simple lipid mixtures combined with hydrophobic surfactant protein from pig lung.

Hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant protein enriched in SP-C has been mixed in amounts up to 10% by weight with various phospholipids. The lipids used were dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), or DPPC plus unsaturated phosphatidylglycerol (PG), or phosphatidylinositol (PI) in molar ratios of 9:1 and 7:3. The protein enhanced the rate and extent of adsorption of each lipid preparation into the air-water interface, and its respreading after compression on a surface balance. Maximum surface pressures attained on compression of monolayers of mixtures of lipids were slightly higher in the presence of protein. The effects on rate and extent of adsorption were proportional to the amount of protein present. Mixtures containing 30 mol% PG or PI adsorbed more readily into the interface than those containing 10% acidic lipid or DPPC alone. Mixtures containing 30% PI were slightly more rapidly adsorbed than those containing 30% PG. The results suggest that mixtures of DPPC with either acidic lipid in the presence of surfactant protein could be effective in artificial surfactants.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Five year prospective study of HIV infection in the Edinburgh haemophiliac cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To identify measures of immune state that reflect the course of HIV related disease in order to predict deterioration of symptoms and assess response to treatment. DESIGN: Five year longitudinal clinical and laboratory study. SETTING: Regional haemophilia centre, university virology laboratory, and Medical Research Council laboratory. PATIENTS: 32 Patients with haemophilia A exposed to a single batch of HIV contaminated factor VIII concentrate from the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service in 1984 who were followed up regularly in Edinburgh (31) or abroad (one). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Counts of circulating T cell subsets (CD4 and CD8); plasma beta 2 microglobulin, neopterin, and IgA concentrations; and delayed type hypersensitivity to multiple skin test antigens. RESULTS: 18 Patients who seroconverted after exposure had received significantly more contaminated factor VIII than the 14 who did not (mean 43 (range 9-109) v 15 (3-30) phials, p less than 0.01). The two groups were not distinguishable by other criteria before exposure. The group that seroconverted subsequently showed a progressive fall in mean circulating CD4 lymphocytes and an increase in plasma beta 2 microglobulin and neopterin concentrations. From 1987 patients in this group also showed an increase in mean circulating CD8 lymphocytes and in plasma IgA concentration, neither of which was seen in patients who did not seroconvert. Patients with HIV antibody who developed Centers for Disease Control category IV symptoms within five years after infection showed more extreme changes in all measures, except CD8 lymphocyte count, than those whose symptoms remained in categories II and III. Skin test reactivity declined to barely detectable levels in all patients positive for HIV antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Serial estimates of circulating CD4 lymphocytes and of plasma beta 2 microglobulin concentration are the most reliable measures of disease progression; of these, beta 2 microglobulin concentration seems to be the better predictor of impending serious symptoms. High IgA concentrations reflect rather than predict disease state. Individual variation in most measures is such that a wide range of measurements should be used in assessing the effects of trial treatment in HIV infected patients without symptoms.

Adolescent

Isolation and molecular genetic characterization of the Bacillus subtilis gene (infB) encoding protein synthesis initiation factor 2.

Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of Bacillus subtilis cell extracts detected two proteins that cross-reacted with monospecific polyclonal antibody raised against Escherichia coli initiation factor 2 alpha (IF2 alpha). Subsequent Southern blot analysis of B. subtilis genomic DNA identified a 1.3-kilobase (kb) HindIII fragment which cross-hybridized with both E. coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus IF2 gene probes. This DNA was cloned from a size-selected B. subtilis plasmid library. The cloned HindIII fragment, which was shown by DNA sequence analysis to encode the N-terminal half of the B. subtilis IF2 protein and 0.2 kb of upstream flanking sequence, was utilized as a homologous probe to clone an overlapping 2.76-kb ClaI chromosomal fragment containing the entire IF2 structural gene. The HindIII fragment was also used as a probe to obtain overlapping clones from a lambda gt11 library which contained additional upstream and downstream flanking sequences. Sequence comparisons between the B. subtilis IF2 gene and the other bacterial homologs from E. coli, B. stearothermophilus, and Streptococcus faecium displayed extensive nucleic acid and protein sequence homologies. The B. subtilis infB gene encodes two proteins, IF2 alpha (78.6 kilodaltons) and IF2 beta (68.2 kilodaltons); both were expressed in B. subtilis and E. coli. These two proteins cross-reacted with antiserum to E. coli IF2 alpha and were able to complement in vivo an E. coli infB gene disruption. Four-factor recombination analysis positioned the infB gene at 145 degrees on the B. subtilis chromosome, between the polC and spcB loci. This location is distinct from those of the other major ribosomal protein and rRNA gene clusters of B. subtilis.

Amino Acid Sequence

Minimal neuropsychological sequelae following prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system in adult leukaemia and lymphoma.

The potential long-term toxicity of central nervous system prophylaxis (CNS-P) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL, n = 17) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL, n = 7) was investigated in a multidisciplinary study. At least 4 years had elapsed from CNS-P (mean 11.5 years) for all patients. Neurological history and physical examination were unremarkable; minor signs were commoner in older patients (P less than 0.02). Psychometry yielded normal results, but individual verbal IQ generally exceeded performance IQ, with a trend to more marked differences in younger adults (P = 0.06). EEG was scored and differed significantly from that of controls, with a tendency to more marked (but still minor) abnormalities in younger patients (P = 0.06). Brainstem auditory evoked potentials demonstrated significant but generally minor abnormality in 24% of patients. CT brain scan revealed widening of cerebral hemisphere sulci to greater than 3 mm in 38% of patients; cerebral atrophy was commoner in the older group (P less than 0.02) and those with neurological signs (P less than 0.02). MRI brain scans were normal in all patients tested. Thus, following standard CNS-P for ALL at this hospital, there is a 5% primary CNS relapse rate, and only minimal, mainly subclinical, long-term neuropsychological toxicity.

Adult

Human ret proto-oncogene mapped to chromosome 10q11.2.

Using cosmid clones derived from human ret protooncogene as probes, we determined its chromosome localization by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Two overlapping clones, cret-1 and -2, which were cloned using the most 5' part of human ret proto-oncogene cDNA, hybridized to chromosome 10q11.2. Sixty-three and 52% of the grains obtained by cret-1 and -2, respectively, were localized to the same site. No other specific hybridization site was observed. From these data, we assigned the site of ret proto-oncogene to chromosome 10q11.2, where the possible locus responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) was mapped by linkage analysis using interstitial retinol binding protein cDNA and D10S5. These findings suggest that ret proto-oncogene might be a suitable probe for approaching the MEN2A locus.

Chromosome Mapping

The response of rat alveolar macrophages to chronic inhalation of coal dust and/or diesel exhaust.

The use of diesel-powered equipment in underground mines has raised questions regarding possible synergistic effects of coal dust and diesel emissions. Therefore, the effects of chronic exposure of rats to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust on various properties of alveolar macrophages were investigated. Inhalation exposure of rats was 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. Exposure groups were: filtered air controls, 2 mg/m3 coal dust, 2 mg/m3 diesel particulate, and 1 mg/m3 coal dust plus 1 mg/m3 diesel exhaust. Exposure to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust had little effect on oxygen consumption, membrane integrity, lysosomal enzyme activity, or protein content of alveolar macrophages. However, exposure to coal dust increased macrophage yield, enhanced chemiluminescence, and increased the activity of the cell membrane (i.e., increased cellular spreading and surface ruffling). In contrast, diesel emissions depressed chemiluminescence and decreased the ruffling of the cell membrane. Therefore, the data suggest that exposure to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust does not affect the viability of alveolar macrophages. However, coal dust may activate alveolar macrophages while diesel emissions may depress the phagocytic activity of these cells. The combination of exposures to coal dust and diesel exhaust results in a phagocytic activity which is an average of the effects of separate exposures.

Animals

Reaction and response times for accommodation.

Using an infra-red dynamic optometer, a qualitative comparison of the accommodation responses of two observers to step changes in target position showed marked differences in their ability to accommodate correctly. Measurement of reaction time (or latency) gave results comparable with those of other workers and independent of target position. Measurements of response time showed for one observer that the response time was dependent on the extent of the accommodative change required; this was not true of the other observer. Possible reasons for the intersubject differences and the role of the instructions given to the observer are discussed.

Accommodation, Ocular