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J Tzelgov

Publications and source records attributed to J Tzelgov.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

NOTE

The relations between automatic processing and (the absence of) consciousness are discussed in this paper. It is argued that automatic processing should not be identified with the absence of consciousness. The organism has access to representations resulting from automatic processing, but these representations, in contrast to the representations resulting from nonautomatic processing, are not propositional. Therefore monitoring of the process, the defining feature of nonautomatic processing, is not possible.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Automaticity and consciousness: is perceiving the word necessary for reading it?

Definitions of automaticity imply insensitivity of the Stroop effect to conscious perceiving of the word. Subjects in the Stroop task reported the meaning of the stimulus word (in addition to its color) in 7% of the trials. The magnitude of the Stroop effect in these trials was correlated with subjects' ability to report the stimulus meaning. Furthermore, the effect was absent when subjects failed to report the stimulus meaning. These findings challenge the assumption that automatic processing is unconscious. A distinction between automatic and non-automatic processing in terms of modes of consciousness is discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Capacity demands of automatic processes in semantic priming.

In three experiments, we examined the effects of prime-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and the proportion of related primes and targets (relatedness proportion, or RP) on semantic priming when the prime was either named or was searched for a specific letter. In Experiment 1, with an RP of .50, priming occurred at SOAs of 240 and 840 msec when the prime was named, but no priming was found at either SOA when the prime was searched for a letter. In Experiment 2 the RP was either .20 or .80, and the SOA was set at 1,700 msec; priming again was found in both conditions when the prime was named, but only in the RP .80 condition when a letter search task was performed on the prime. In Experiment 3, both the proportion of related trials and SOA were varied; as in the previous experiments, no priming effects were found with the letter search task for either SOA in the RP .20 condition, but the priming effect was reinstated in the RP .80 condition. These results are discussed with respect to how limited capacity resources are allocated and how they influence semantic priming effects.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Dissociation of lexical and semantic aspects in word processing.

We present data and review studies that show a dissociation between identity and semantic priming. This dissociation appears as a result of employing certain prime tasks, adding cognitive load or following brain damage. Such a dissociation suggests that while activation of the word's representation is obligatory, the spread of activation to related concepts is not.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Controlling Stroop effects by manipulating expectations for color words.

An important characteristic of automatic processing is its uncontrollability. The Stroop phenomenon is regarded as a prototypical example of this characteristic of automatic processing, hence, the Stroop effect should not change when the percentages of color words versus neutral stimuli are manipulated to induce controlled processing. We found that Stroop interference decreased as the percentage of color words increased. Furthermore, the magnitude of the inhibitory component of the Stroop effect was negatively correlated with the percentage of color words; the facilitatory component was insensitive to the manipulation. These results suggest that the Stroop effect is controllable (see Logan, 1980) and that the locus of control is postlexical. The results also suggest that facilitation and inhibition are produced by different mechanisms and challenge those models of the Stroop phenomenon (e.g., Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland, 1990; Phaf, Van der Heijden, & Hudson, 1990) that assume that a single processing mechanism causes facilitation and inhibition and that control affects facilitation and inhibition alike (Logan, 1980).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Automatic processes in lexical access and spreading activation.

The semantic priming effect can be reduced or eliminated depending on how the prime word is processed. The experiments reported here investigate this prime task effect. Two experiments used identity and semantic priming tasks to determine whether the prime word is encoded at a lexical level under letter-search conditions. When the prime task was naming, both identity and semantic priming occurred; however, when a letter-search task was performed on the prime word, only identity priming occurred, thus supporting the argument that the search task affects activation of semantic associates rather than lexical access of the prime word. Another experiment demonstrated that this identity priming was the result of lexical processes rather than of letter-by-letter priming. A cross-modal priming technique demonstrated that the letter-search prime task does not actively suppress activation of semantic associates. The implications of these results for automaticity and for proposed mechanisms of priming are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Performance consequences of two types of stereo picture compression.

Two algorithms for stereo picture compression were evaluated. According to one algorithm, consistent with the fusion theory of depth perception, the reduction of information in the two pictures was about equal. The other algorithm, consistent with the suppression theory of depth perception, was based on very deep compression of one picture and minimal reduction of information in the second picture. Subjects performed depth decisions and object decisions on the compressed picture. They were able to perform both tasks on the compressed pictures, though performance generally was worse than in the un-compressed control conditions. In both tasks performance was better for an uneven division of information between the two pictures. These results are consistent with the suppression theory of depth perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Self-ideal discrepancies as indicators of self-derogation and enhancement: formalization of theoretical claims and a method for assessment.

Empirical research shows that persons scoring low on psychological adjustment (PA) generally experience large ideal self (IS) versus actual self (AS) discrepancies whereas the reverse is true for high-PA persons. A particularly interesting interpretation of this phenomenon, consistent with a large body of clinical and experimental literature, ascribes it to self-derogation processes in low-PA persons and self-enhancement processes in high-PA persons. This article points out that this derogation/enhancement (D/E) interpretation assumes that people differing in PA level relate and organize the AS and IS judgments in qualitatively different ways. This results in a nonlinear relationship between PA, AS, and IS. Following a definition of the derogation/enhancement interpretation in terms of the relationship between AS, IS, and PA, a methodology for testing this interpretation is presented, and its implications are discussed. It is also shown that the methodology developed with regard to AS, IS, and PA can be used to examine D/E hypotheses involving other variables.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specifying the relations between automaticity and consciousness: a theoretical note.

The relations between automatic processing and (the absence of) consciousness are discussed in this paper. It is argued that automatic processing should not be identified with the absence of consciousness. The organism has access to representations resulting from automatic processing, but these representations, in contrast to the representations resulting from nonautomatic processing, are not propositional. Therefore monitoring of the process, the defining feature of nonautomatic processing, is not possible.

Automatism↗