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Biomedical subjects

J Vymĕtal

Publications and source records attributed to J Vymĕtal.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Empathy--understanding through identification].

Empathy is defined as an understanding of another individual through the projection of ones own personality. It is manifested by the willingness and effort to perceive, capture and understand the individuals both current and potential world as exactly as possible with all its subjective meanings and feelings. It is based on intuition attended by an emotional involvement and positive interest in the other person. The process of empathy runs in three stages which overlap: first we enter the other persons subjectivity, than share in his/her thoughts, emotions and feelings and finally comes the understanding of the other person. Empathy can be traced to phylogenesis, it is biologically anchored and in the course of human life (ontogenetic approach) it develops in the social milieu as do our other abilities. It is one of general effective factors of psychotherapy and, in the psychotherapeutic relationship, has both a direct and indirect effect upon the patient (within the hermeneutic process). Today, this matter is most extensively worked out by the Rogerian and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Empathy↗
PubMed1996

[Training in psychotherapy at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University].

Psychotherapy has become an independent interdisciplinary subject including prophylaxis, therapy and rehabilitation of health disorders by psychological methods, i.e. methods of communicative and relational nature. The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been scientifically proved. Since 1994, psychotherapy has been mandatory for undergraduate students at the 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University. Students even sit for a final state exam in psychotherapy. Postgraduate studies in psychotherapy have started in 1995 and take four years. The enrollment is 66 now. The curriculum is based on a differentially integrative concept and general model of psychotherapy.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

[Research in psychotherapy].

Psychotherapy is an empirical discipline and is therefore open to exact investigations which is one of the prerequisites of its further development. The beginnings of exact research are associated with the names of H. J. Eysenck and C. R. Rogers. The contemporary research based frequently on the generic model of psychotherapy whose authors are D. E. Orlinsky and K. J. Howard is concerned in particular with the effectiveness of psychotherapy; it compares the action of different procedures, deals with differentiated indications and "mechanisms" inducing changes. The most frequent research strategies are an experimental approach, comparative (correlating) research and intensive research strategy. The most important source of information on research are meta-analyses which make it possible to summarize and compare an unlimited amount of mutually independent investigations. The hitherto most extensive meta-analytic processing of research projects was implemented in the Institute of Psychology of Bern University headed by K. Graw. It was revealed among others that psychotherapy exerts a very differentiated action and that in neurotic patients and patients with personality disorders cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, Rogers psychotherapy and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, cca 100 sessions, proves definitely effective. Close to the criterium of objectively effective psychotherapy is also shape psychotherapy and systematically oriented family therapy. In the Czech Republic research is conducted on a small scale but the work is demanding as regards methods and is of a high standard. Exact research of the psychotherapeutic process and therapeutic results contributes to the gradual shaping of a psychotherapeutic model which is internally differentiated and which integrates verified findings of various psychotherapeutic schools and trends.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

[The concept of aggression in psychology and psychotherapy].

Aggressiveness is one of the basic characteristics of human beings. It can be defined as a relatively constant individual disposition or group characteristic manifested by the frequency, intensity and mode of aggressive behaviour. Aggressiveness has an inborn basis but its frequency, intensity and form are acquired during life and can therefore be influenced by the environment, i.e. also by training and psychotherapy. With regard to the genesis and purpose we differentiate between reflex, instrumental aggression, aggression with an end in itself and aggression resulting from affection. Psychological theories on the genesis of aggression can be divided into endogenous, exogenous and the interaction approach. The author discusses in his paper also the relationship between aggression and the type of psychotherapeutic treatment, and expands in more detail on aggressiveness and its control within the framework of Rogers' approach (person-centered approach).

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

[Moderating pain by psychological means].

Pain is one of the most original and oldest experiences of humans and is an example of the psychosomatic interconnection and unity of processes in the human organism. For man it is above all a subjective experience and condition. Pain can be divided into acute and chronic pain. In both it is possible to influence by psychological means in particular the intensity of pain, which is done by means which reduce anxiety, fear and tension. In case of acute pain this is achieved by the psychological approach of the doctor who should be empathic and be an authority for the patient. Muscular relaxation of the patient has also a favourable effect, similarly as the possibility to manifest pain freely and distracting attention from pain. Only in exceptional cases hypnosis and suggestion can be used. Chronic pain can be mitigated by psychotherapeutic programmes by means of which we alter the patient's incorrect idea on the origin of pain and help him to gain control over his pain and promote his activity and self-consciousness. It is advisable to engage in therapy also the family and support the formation of self-help groups. In the USA and FRG favourable and stable results are reported with influencing of pain and its therapy by psychological procedures.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

[The role of medical psychology in modern medicine].

Medical psychology is concerned in the first place with the psychological aspect of the mutual relationship and interaction of doctor and patient and relevant people from the patient's closest environment. The main task of medical psychology is to protect the patient and doctor from undesirable consequences of technization of medicine, narrow specialization and bureaucratization of the operation of the health services and to use psychological findings and procedures in the prevention of disorders and diseases and in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients. A prerequisite and part of these activities is the psychological approach and attitude of the doctor to his patient. The main features are authority and truthfulness--esteem and respect--understanding of the patient and his position. Medical psychology gives patient care a human dimension, i.e. above all subjectivity of the patient, doctor and their mutual relationship. With regard to the proved importance of personality and relations for human health and disease medicine supported by psychology becomes true contemporary medicine and the doctors activities are lege artis.

Communication↗
PubMed1990

[Altruism--unselfish help given by one person to another].

Altruistic behaviour belongs to so-called prosocial activities. It is focused on the benefit of another human being who is in want or is threatened. Its substantial features include voluntariness, unselfishness and specific motivation, based on human mutuality and unity. Altruism was at the very beginnings of organized health care. As a result of the development of medicine the human attitude of the doctor to the patient, and thus also psychological care and treatment were pushed into the background. At present "patient-orientated medicine" is enforced which comprises a psychological approach with altruistic elements.

Altruism↗
PubMed1989

[Psychotherapeutic crisis intervention in ambulatory general practice].

Psychotherapeutic crisis intervention is the term used for intervention implemented by the doctor dealing with a subject experiencing a mental crisis. Every doctor should be able to make this intervention. The authors recommend to apply the procedure they summarize in the following seven paragraphs: 1. The first step assisting a subject in mental crisis is to ensure conditions for an undisturbed talk; the patient should be received as somebody in whom we have personal interest. 2. We try to direct the interview quickly to the situation which has arisen and we concentrate on the patient's experience, we try to understand his problem and its causes. 3. If necessary, we engage the assistance of persons close to the patient, we mediate medical, social or legal assistance. 4. We consider the possibility of suicidal behaviour and select adequate preventive measures. 5. In indicated cases we offer short-term assistance by means of psychopharmaceutical preparations. 6. If the patient is motivated for another interview and the case calls for this cooperation, we offer it. We reach agreement on the time, frequency and approximate number of interviews. In the latter it is useful to proceed according to principles of non-directive psychotherapeutic talks. 7. If stabilization of the mental condition is achieved, we terminate after agreement with the patient the intervention. If the problems are rather "inside" the patient, we refer him for psychotherapeutic treatment.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed1989

[The psychotherapeutic relationship and use of psychological methods].

On a quotation from the early dialogue of Plato, Charmides, the author demonstrates that since the beginnings principle to treat man as a whole, as his psychic and bodily processes are closely interlinked. At the same time the irreplaceable role of psychotherapy in the prevention and treatment of impaired health is explained. Psychotherapy is implemented mostly by the relationship between the therapist and patient; its course depends on the behaviour of the therapist and his personality characteristics. Based on an almost hundred-year tradition of systematic psychotherapy and due to empirical research of processes and therapeutic results during the past forty years, it may be taken for granted that for a desirable psychotherapeutic relationship the following characteristics on the part of the psychotherapist are typical: unconditional acceptance of the patient and he therapists emotional affection, empathic understanding of the patient and authenticity--genuineness of the therapist's personality. Due to advances of knowledge various psychotherapeutic trends converge in the sphere of psychotherapeutic theory and practice. Finally the author quotes views of professor K. Weis, director of the Psychiatric University in Leipzig who considers psychotherapy the axis of treatment, surrounded by somatotherapy, sociotherapy and rehabilitation measures.

Humans↗