Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on mammary development in heifer calves.
The objective of this study was to determine if increased energy and protein intake from 2 to 14 wk of age would affect mammary development in heifer calves. At 2 wk of age, Holstein heifer calves were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of protein and energy intake (moderate, M; high, H) in period 1 (2 to 8 wk of age) and 2 levels of protein and energy intake (low, L; high, H) in period 2 (8 to 14 wk of age), so that mean initial body weights were approximately equal for all 4 treatments (ML, MH, HL, and HH). The M diet in period 1 consisted of a standard milk replacer (21.3% CP, 21.3% fat) fed at 1.1% of BW on a DM basis and a 16.5% CP grain mix fed at restricted intake to promote 400 g of daily gain, whereas the L diet in period 2 consisted only of the grain mix. The H diet in period 1 consisted of a high-protein milk replacer (30.3% CP, 15.9% fat) fed at 2.0% of body weight on a DM basis and a 21.3% CP grain mix available ad libitum. In period 2, the H diet consisted of just the 21.3% grain mix. Calves were gradually weaned from milk replacer by 7 wk and slaughtered at 8 (n = 11) or 14 wk of age (n = 41). Parenchyma from the distal region, midgland, and proximal region relative to the teat from one half of the udder was collected, fixed, and embedded in paraffin. The other half of the gland was used to determine parenchymal mass, protein, fat, DNA, RNA, and extraparenchymal mass. Total parenchymal tissue, parenchymal DNA, parenchymal RNA, and concentrations of DNA and RNA were higher for calves on the H diet during period 1, but were not affected by diet during period 2. Parenchymal fat percentage was increased by the H diet during period 2. The H diet increased extraparenchymal fat during both periods. The area of parenchyma occupied by epithelium was not affected by treatment, but at the end of period 2, the percentage of proliferating epithelial cells as indicated by Ki67, an marker of cell proliferation, expression was greater for calves on the M diet in period 1 compared with calves on the H diet in period 1. Diets did not influence parenchymal protein percentage or the ratio of RNA to DNA. Higher energy and protein intake from 2 to 8 wk of age increased parenchymal mass and parenchymal DNA and RNA in mammary glands of heifer calves without increasing deposition of parenchymal fat. Diet also influenced histological development of mammary parenchyma and subsequent proliferation of ductal epithelial cells. Implications of these effects for future milk production potential are unknown.