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Health Services↗
Biomedical subjects
J W Sharp
Publications and source records attributed to J W Sharp.
Dorsal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves of the feline pelvic limb.
The dorsal root origins of cutaneous nerves supplying the feline pelvic limb were determined electrophysiologically in 11 cats. Cutaneous nerves were surgically exposed and the presence or absence of an evoked potential in response to stimulation of individual dorsal roots was noted. The dorsal cutaneous branches of L3-L5 and S3, and the lateral cutaneous branch of L3 each arose solely from their parent spinal nerves. The L7, S1, and S2 dorsal cutaneous branches had multiple dorsal root origins. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3-L6 dorsal roots in 4 patterns of origin, and the saphenous nerve originated from L4-L6 dorsal roots in 2 patterns of origin. The lateral and caudal cutaneous sural nerves originated from L6-S1 roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The lateral and medial plantar nerves arose from L6-S2 roots in 4 and 2 patterns, respectively. The superficial and deep peroneal nerves originated from L6-S1 roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve or its branches arose from L7-S3 in 8 origin patterns. The dorsal nerve of the penis and the superficial perineal nerve arose from L7-S3 and S1-S3 roots, respectively, each in 4 patterns. A subtle correlation between plexus type and dorsal root origins of the cutaneous nerves was noted.
Animals↗
Hospital utilization for AIDS: are all hospital days necessary?
This study examined hospital utilization and, specifically, unnecessary hospital days for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a Midwest regional referral center as of June 1987. In 1990 a follow-up study was conducted to measure changes in length of stay (LOS) and unnecessary days. Results show a mean LOS consistent with other studies and a pattern of unnecessary days comprising 14% to 18% respectively of the mean LOS. Admissions in which the patient died and those considered outliers (LOS greater than 36 days) had a trend toward a higher percentage of unnecessary days. Hospital utilization and unnecessary days for patients with AIDS should be an ongoing quality indicator for hospitals experiencing a high volume of persons with AIDS admissions.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Spinal root origin of the radial nerve and nerves innervating shoulder muscles of the dog.
The ventral spinal root origin of the radial nerve, its muscle branches, and brachial plexus nerves which supply shoulder and thoracic musculature was determined in the dog. Electrophysiological signal averaging techniques measured evoked potential from specific ventral spinal roots to individual muscle nerves. The entire radial nerve received input from the sixth cervical (C6) through the second thoracic (T2) spinal roots. The most significant (p less than .05) input to triceps brachii came from C8 while the deep ramus of the radial nerve received its largest input from C7. The brachiocephalicus, suprascapular, and subscapular nerves all received their most significant (p less than .05) innervation from C6. Approximately 90% of the evoked potential to the axillary nerve originated from C7. The thoracodorsal nerve received most of its innervation from ventral roots C7 and C8. The lateral thoracic nerve which innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle was supplied by ventral roots C8-T2. Examination of innervation patterns suggests that only modest variation of spinal root input to specific nerves occurred between individual dogs.
Animals↗
The NMDA receptor mediates cortical induction of fos and fos-related antigens following cortical injury.
Cortical cavity lesions and lateral ventricular injections of quinolinic acid, a NMDA receptor agonist, induce Fos and Fos-related antigens (FRAs) throughout ipsilateral adult rat brain cortex in similar patterns. c-fos mRNA, assessed using in situ hybridization, was induced by 1 h and disappeared between 3 and 8 h following cortical lesions. Fos proteins, detected using a specific monoclonal antibody, were induced by 1 h and disappeared by 4 h after cortical lesions. FRA proteins, detected using polyclonal antibodies, were induced between 1 and 4 h and persisted for at least 72 h following focal cortical injury. Intraventricular injections of CPP, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, completely blocked the induction of these nuclear proteins in cortex ipsilateral to the focal cortical lesions--except around the injury site itself. Intraventricular injections of quisqualate, a non-NMDA glutamate analogue, induced Fos in hippocampus but not in cortex. These data show that NMDA receptors mediate the induction of Fos and FRAs following cortical injury. It is proposed that local cortical injury releases excitatory amino acids that act at NMDA receptors to initiate spreading depression and that the resultant depolarization induces Fos in neurons throughout the cortex. Since Fos and FRAs are proteins that regulate the expression of target genes, they could mediate long-term biochemical adaptations in neurons following cortical injury.
Animals↗
Spinal nerve root origin of the median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves and their muscle nerve branches to the canine forelimb.
The contribution individual ventral spinal nerve roots made to the canine median nerve, ulnar nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and their muscle nerve branches was determined electrophysiologically. Each spinal nerve root was sequentially stimulated. Utilizing quantitative signal averaging techniques, the evoked potential was measured at each tested peripheral nerve. Evoked potential to the median nerve originated from the seventh cervical spinal root (C7) through the second thoracic spinal root (T2) with most input from C8 and T1. The ulnar nerve received evoked potential from C7-T2. Although T1 provided the major input to both the median and ulnar nerves, the relative contribution of T1 was greater in the ulnar nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve received input from ventral spinal roots C6-T1 with C6 and C7 providing most of the evoked potential. The ventral spinal roots which supplied the bulk of the evoked potential to a particular muscle nerve were consistent between individual dogs. Variation of evoked potential input was greatest from spinal roots which supplied less than 10% of the total potential.
Animals↗
c-fos expression and (14C) 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the caudal cerebellum of the rat during motor/sensory cortex stimulation.
Fos, the protein product of the c-fos gene, is induced in neurons in response to a variety of stimuli. In order to see if Fos could be used to map activity in the brain, the pattern of Fos staining was compared to the pattern of (14C) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in the seventh and eighth lobules of the cerebellum during electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex. Electrical stimulation of hindlimb motor/sensory cortex of awake rats increased 2DG uptake in the contralateral and ipsilateral cerebellum. The largest increases occurred in granule cell patches in the contralateral copula pyramidis (Cop P) and pyramis (P), the hemispheric and vermal portions of the eighth cerebellar lobule, respectively. The granule cell patches formed parasagittal bands that extended short distances mediolaterally, and extended long distances anteroposteriorly over much of the Cop P. Forelimb motor/sensory cortex stimulation increased 2DG uptake bilaterally in the seventh, paramedian (PM) cerebellar lobule. The greatest increases occurred in the granule cell layer contralateral to the stimulation. These and the above results generally agree with classical studies that localize forelimb on the seventh lobule anterior to the hindlimb on the eighth lobule. However, hindlimb cortical stimulation activated parts of the PM, and forelimb cortical stimulation activated portions of the rostral Cop P. In general, nonoverlapping portions of Cop P and PM were activated during the two types of cortical stimulation. These results are consistent with a fractured somatotopy (Welker and Shambes, '85) in which nonadjacent body parts are consistently represented in adjacent granule cell patches on each lobule, with the fractured somatotopy being different for every lobule. No region of cerebellum expressed Fos in unstimulated, electrode implanted, control subjects. However, following 15 minutes of electrical stimulation of hindlimb cortex, Fos was expressed 4 hours later in patches of granule cell nuclei in Cop P and P. These patches of Fos immunostained granule cells occurred in similar locations in Cop P to the patches of highest glucose metabolism observed with the 2DG method. Zones of Purkinje cell nuclei also expressed Fos. These Purkinje cell zones were often directly over similar sized granule cell patches in P. In the hemisphere however, the zones of Purkinje cells in ventrolateral Cop P expressing Fos only partially overlapped underlying granule cell patches that expressed Fos. Moreover, Fos was not unduced in any Purkinje cells adjacent to the Fos- stained granule cell patch in dorsolateral Cop P.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Common fur and mystacial vibrissae parallel sensory pathways: 14 C 2-deoxyglucose and WGA-HRP studies in the rat.
Stimulation of mystacial vibrissae in rows A,B, and C increased (14C) 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (Sp5c) mostly in ventral portions of laminae III-IV with less activation of II and V. Stimulation of common fur above the whiskers mainly activated lamina II, with less activation in deeper layers. The patterns of activation were compatible with an inverted head, onion skin Sp5c somatotopy. Wheatgerm Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injections into common fur between mystacial vibrissae rows A-B and B-C led to anterograde transganglionic labeling only of Sp5c, mainly of lamina II with less label in layer V, and very sparse label in III and IV. WGA-HRP skin injections appear to primarily label small fibers, which along with larger fibers, were metabolically activated during common fur stimulation. Mystacial vibrissae stimulation increased 2DG uptake in ventral ipsilateral spinal trigeminal nuclei pars interpolaris (Sp5i) and oralis (Sp5o) and principal trigeminal sensory nucleus (Pr5). Common fur stimulation above the whiskers slightly increased 2DG uptake in ventral Sp5i, Sp5o, and possibly Pr5. The most dorsal aspect of the ventroposteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus was activated contralateral to whisker stimulation. Stimulation of the common fur dorsal to the whiskers activated a region of dorsal VPM caudal to the VPM region activated during whisker stimulation. This is consistent with previous data showing that ventral whiskers and portions of the face are represented rostrally in VPM, and more dorsal whiskers and dorsal portions of the face are represented progressively more caudally in VPM. Mystacial vibrissae stimulation activated the contralateral primary sensory SI barrelfield cortex and a separate region in the second somatosensory SII cortex. Common fur stimulation above the whiskers activated a cortical region between the SI and SII whisker activated regions of cortex. It is proposed that this region represented the combined SI and SII common fur regions of somatosensory neocortex. Both whisker and common fur stimulation activated all layers of cortex, with layer IV being most activated followed by II-III, V, and VI. These data indicate that sensory input from the mystacial vibrissae in the adult rat is processed in brainstem, thalamic, and cortical pathways which are predominantly parallel to those which process information from the neighboring common fur sensory receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Decreases of cortical and thalamic glucose metabolism produced by parietal cortex stimulation in the rat.
Parietal cortex stimulation elicited focal decreases as well as increases of brain glucose metabolism in ipsilateral cortex, ipsilateral thalamus, and contralateral cortex of rats in a pattern resembling 'surround inhibition'. It is proposed that parietal stimulation activated inhibitory circuits which decreased cortical and thalamic glucose metabolism. This decrease of cerebral glucose metabolism is important for interpreting brain glucose metabolic studies particularly when metabolic changes do not correlate with changes of neuronal activity.
Animals↗
Social work in a home intravenous antibiotic therapy program.
Home intravenous antibiotic therapy (HIVAT) grew out of one hospital's experience with home parenteral nutrition. Because of current accelerated pace of discharge planning, the social worker plays a major role in choosing appropriate candidates for this program and in helping them solve practical and affective problems. Patients report a high degree of satisfaction with this homecare plan. Benefits such as early return to employment are noted. Shortened hospital stays lower treatment costs. The program is adaptable for many patients where medical treatment initiated in the hospital continues at home.
Adult↗
The role of social work in contemporary home care planning.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
Positive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining in morphologically normal peripheral-blood lymphocytes.
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Acid Phosphatase↗
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hand-mirror variant. A detailed ultrastructural study.
The hand-mirror cell in acute lymphoblastic leukemia may have important immunologic, pathogenic, and prognostic implications. To learn more about this cell, a detailed ultrastructural analysis was performed. Fifty electronmicrographs of lymphoblasts from an untreated patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with numerous hand-mirror cells in the bone marrow were compared with 60 electronmicrographs of lymphoblasts from six patients with classic acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The unique qualitative ultrastructural features of the hand-mirror cells were the presence of undamaged mitochondria and uropods (handles) with terminal microspikes containing circular organized arrangement of 50-A microfilaments. Quantitative differences between hand-mirror cells and lymphoblasts were observed in nuclear perimeters (P less than 0.0001), nuclear lengths (P less than 0.001), cytoplasmic lengths (P less than 0.0002), nuclear-cytoplasmic length ratios (P less than 0.0001), and numbers of mitochondria (P less than 0.002). These findings indicate that hand-mirror cells contain ultrastructural components that are related to cell motility and the immunologic process. These results are significant in that the hand-mirror cells may be associated with an immunologic mechanism that is involved in leukemogenesis.
Cell Nucleolus↗
Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole for pinworm infection of mice.
A series of 6 experiments was conducted to test the efficacy of mebendazole in eliminating naturally occurring pinworm infections from mice. Subjects treated with from 40-500 mg/kg of the drug harbored markedly fewer parasites than untreated controls. Treatment at 10 mg/kg appeared to be less effective. No mortality or overt signs of toxicity were observed in any of the experimental subjects.
Animals↗