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Biomedical subjects

J Yager

Publications and source records attributed to J Yager.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Temporal evolution of neuropathologic changes in an immature rat model of cerebral hypoxia: a light microscopic study.

The sequential evolution of neuropathologic changes was studied in an immature model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. According, 7-day postnatal rats were subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation combined with 2 h of hypoxia (breathing in 8% oxygen) and their brains were examined by light microscopy at recovery intervals ranging from 0 to 3 weeks. Immediately following hypoxia, a large area with a pale staining border was noted occupying most of the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral (IL) to the occluded common carotid artery; in approximately half of the brains the dorsomedial cortex of the contralateral (CL) hemisphere was also involved. Most neurons in the pale area had nuclei containing a coarse granular condensation of chromatin. Within a few hours, the majority of neurons in the IL hemisphere had developed pyknotic nuclei and clear or eosinophilic perikarya. After 24 h these changes had evolved in the majority of brains into coagulation necrosis (infarction) in the IL hemisphere and foci of selective neuronal necrosis in the CL cortex. Within a few days infarcts became partially cavitated, and by 3 weeks a smooth-walled cystic infarct had developed. Activated microglia/macrophages and reactive astrocytes were first seen at 4 and 24 h, respectively. No parenchymal neutrophilic infiltrate was seen at any time point.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Aspects of childhood physical punishment and family environment correlates in bulimia nervosa.

Although histories of child sexual abuse among eating disorder patients have attracted considerable attention in the past decade, relatively little is known about parental physical abuse among these patients. We examined aspects of childhood parental physical punishment and its family environmental correlates among women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa (BN group; n = 80) and women with no history of eating disorder (Control group; n = 40), recruited primarily by newspaper advertisement. Women in the BN group reported significantly more physical punishment and perceived their discipline to have been more harsh and capricious than women in the Control group. Nonetheless, the groups did not differ significantly in the extent to which they believed they deserved their punishment or in their belief that they were "physically abused." Further, subjects often failed to assert that they had been physically abused despite meeting conservative criteria, while the reverse tendency was uncommon. Finally, increased levels of physical punishment were associated with greater global family pathology in the BN group, but not in the Control group. Our findings underscore the necessity of explicitly inquiring about physically punitive events in the histories of bulimic women, as well as beliefs regarding these events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Coping styles differ between recovered and nonrecovered women with bulimia nervosa, but not between recovered women and non-eating-disordered control subjects.

We examined potential differences in dispositional coping styles among women who had recovered from DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa (RBN; N = 40), women actively suffering from the disorder (N = 40), and women with no history of eating disturbance (control; N = 40). Using a 60-item self-report measure, we found that women with active bulimia nervosa were less likely than the other two groups to utilize active coping, planning, and seeking emotional support, and less likely than the recovering bulimia nervosa group to focus on and vent emotions. They were more likely than control subjects to use behavioral disengagement. On none of the scales did recovered women differ significantly from control subjects. Our findings suggest that the characteristic coping styles of women who have recovered from bulimia nervosa are as adaptive as those with no history of eating disorder, whereas women who are actively bulimic manifest fewer adaptive and more maladaptive coping behaviors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Childhood sexual, physical, and psychological abuse and their relationship to comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa.

We examined the relationship between childhood sexual, physical, psychological, and "multiple" abuse (i.e., abuse in more than one form) and comorbid Axis I and personality psychopathology among women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa (BN group; n =s 80) and a control group of noneating-disordered women (n = 40). Subjects were recruited primarily by newspaper advertisement. They participated in structured clinical interviews for diagnosis of Axis I and personality pathology, and they completed child abuse questionnaires in the interview setting. At odds with prediction, child abuse in various forms was not associated with the presence of lifetime comorbid Axis I disorders in general (i.e., 1 or more) or disorder classes in particular (mood, alcohol/substance use, anxiety) among BN subjects, although sexual, psychological, and multiple abuse were associated with the diagnosis of a higher total number of Axis I conditions. A history of psychological and multiple abuse (but not physical or sexual abuse alone) among BN subjects was strongly associated with the presence of personality disorder diagnoses, especially those in the "anxious-fearful" cluster (Cluster C). Finally, we found that when a personality disorder was present in addition to the Axis I conditions in question, significant relationships emerged between abuse and Axis I pathology, particularly for psychological and multiple abuse. In general, control group findings were in accord with BN group findings, indicating that our findings were not specific to eating-disordered women. Our results suggest that childhood abuse, particularly psychological abuse and abuse in multiple forms, increase the likelihood of lifetime comorbid Axis I disorders and personality pathology among bulimic patients. Eating-disordered women with a history of child abuse may thus represent a subgroup of patients requiring especially intensive intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial treatments for eating disorders.

Biological and developmental vulnerabilities, maladaptive learning experiences, and pathological family patterns may all contribute to the appearance and persistence of eating disorder (Bruch 1973, Crisp 1980, Garfinkel and Garner 1982). Psychosocial treatment approaches are currently the most important and effective intervention methods for anorexia nervosa (American Psychiatric Association 1993, Garner 1985) and are at least equivalent to medication approaches for bulimia nervosa as well.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1994

Childhood sexual, physical, and psychological abuse in bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine if rates of childhood sexual, physical, psychological, and multiple abuse (i.e., abuse in more than one form) differed between women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa and women with no history of eating disorders. METHOD: Subjects were 80 women, aged 18-35, with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa (40 women who had recovered for a year or more and 40 women currently suffering from bulimia nervosa) and 40 women who had never had an eating disorder or related difficulties. The cohort was obtained primarily by newspaper advertisement. Subjects participated in structured diagnostic interviews and completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires related to abusive experiences in childhood. RESULTS: Women in the bulimia nervosa group reported higher levels of childhood physical, psychological, and multiple abuse. Contrary to expectation, rates of sexual abuse did not distinguish the groups, except in combination with other forms of abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The higher rates of psychological, physical, and multiple abuse found among women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa than among comparison subjects underscore the importance of examining the full range of possible abusive experiences in women with eating disorders, rather than focusing simply on sexual abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Why and how do women recover from bulimia nervosa? The subjective appraisals of forty women recovered for a year or more.

As part of a larger study of recovery in bulimia nervosa, 40 women recruited by local advertisement and referral who were recovered from the disorder for a year or more (median recovery = 36 months) participated in semistructured interviews regarding factors they believed to be related to their recovery process. We asked how life experiences and important persons in their lives had helped or hindered their recovery, what aspects of bulimia nervosa they found hardest to change and what they would still like to change, what they felt they gave up by recovering, and their beliefs about the potential for full, lasting recovery. We further inquired about professional and nonprofessional treatments utilized, our subjects' satisfaction with care, and specific helpful and harmful elements in treatment. Spontaneous answers were coded from audiotaped interviews. The women reported diverse experiences, many of which were consistent with clinical and empirical accounts. Almost 90% had received some treatment by a mental health professional, and many also had utilized nonprofessional treatments, particularly Overeaters Anonymous; these treatments were described as helpful by the majority using them. Of note, although parents often provided some practical support for treatment, the majority of subjects reported that their mothers and fathers were more harmful than helpful in the recovery process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Restricter anorexia nervosa in a thirteen-year-old sheltered Muslim girl raised in Lahore, Pakistan: developmental similarities to westernized patients.

An academically perfectionistic and interpersonally compliant 13-year-old girl raised in a traditional, sheltering Muslim home in Lahore, Pakistan developed restricter anorexia nervosa in the context of being teased about her weight by her closest friend and younger brother, and in a context of family weight preoccupation. Similarities to current pathogenetic hypotheses among Western adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Influence of mild hypothermia on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat.

Recent studies in adult animals have shown that even small decreases in brain or core temperature ameliorate the damage resulting from hypoxic-ischemic insults. To determine the effect of minor reductions in ambient temperature either during or after an hypoxic-ischemic insult on the brain of the immature rat, 7-d-postnatal rat pups underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to hypoxia in 8% oxygen for 3 h. Control animals were maintained at 37 degrees C during hypoxia-ischemia. Intraischemic hypothermia was induced during the insult at temperatures of 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Postischemic hypothermia was induced by exposing rat pups that underwent hypoxia at 37 degrees C to recovering environments of 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded every 15 min from thermistor probes placed in the ipsilateral hemisphere and rectally. Neuropathologic alterations were assessed at 30 postnatal d. During hypoxia, animals became poikilothermic. Brain damage occurred in 90% of rat pups exposed to hypoxia-ischemia at 37 degrees C. Cerebral injury significantly decreased with decreasing temperatures during hypoxia-ischemia (p < 0.01). Only 30% of rats had brain damage when exposed to hypoxia-ischemia at 34 degrees C, and none of the rats exposed at 31 degrees C had brain damage. In contrast, there was no difference in the extent of cerebral injury between rat pups recovered under hypothermic conditions of either 34 degrees C or 31 degrees C compared with those recovered at 37 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Transcultural aspects of eating disorders: a critical literature review.

A review of studies addressing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa among Native Americans, African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Africans, and Middle Easterners yielded only 35 studies, of which 22 were qualitative case reports, three were clinical quantitative studies, and ten were non-clinical quantitative studies. The case studies reported symptoms similar to those of Caucasian patients, and eating disorders were reported in all SES classes. The clinical studies, all reported from Asian countries, described a number of cases for eating disorders quite different from one another. The non-clinical quantitative studies reported a number of cases consistent with the ranges previously reported for controlled samples of non-clinical Caucasian populations. We found few or no quantitative studies on eating disorders from Hispanic, Middle Eastern, African, or Asian countries other than Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Symptoms of illness in late adulthood are related to childhood social deprivation and misfortune in men but not in women.

Experiencing adverse life events during childhood may increase vulnerability to physical illnesses and psychological disorders during adulthood. We developed an Early Life Events Questionnaire (ELEQ) with 12 scales and administered it to 92 relatively healthy elderly individuals (29 men and 63 women). A canonical-correlation analysis of the 12 ELEQ scales and physical and psychological symptoms revealed a significant canonical correlation. The results indicate that those who grew up in a family with a harsh climate and whose affiliation needs were not met tended to have more psychological and physical symptoms in old age. Regression analysis revealed that, in men, early life events accounted for 42% of the variance in physical symptoms and 39% in psychological symptoms. No significant relationship, however, was found between ELEQ scales and health outcomes in women. These results suggest that women may be less vulnerable than men to the adverse health consequences of childhood deprivation and other misfortunes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Experimental infection of severe combined immunodeficient beige mice with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine origin.

Severe combined immunodeficient beige mice were inoculated orally and intraperitoneally with a bovine strain of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to explore their potential as laboratory animal models in the study of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Control animals were similarly inoculated with heat-killed M. paratuberculosis. In the mice inoculated intraperitoneally, focal lesions and acid-fast bacilli were first detected in the livers (4 weeks postinfection) and later in the spleens and intestines of the test but not the control animals. No bacteria were seen in the hearts, kidneys, or lungs. At 12 weeks postinfection, all test mice had significant losses in body weight compared with those in controls (P less than 0.05), a characteristic sign of bovine paratuberculosis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha was not detected in the serum. Histologic lesions were seen in the intestines, livers, and spleens of the animals in the orally inoculated test group after 26 weeks of infection. Our results suggest that the severe combined immunodeficient beige mouse may be a useful model for the investigation of paratuberculosis and cachexia and the evaluation of antimycobacterial drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Bulimia nervosa.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bulimia↗
PubMed1990

Internal vs. external determinants of coping responses to stressful life-events in the elderly.

Coping appears to function in the relationship between stressful life-events and health. Factors that may influence an individual's use of a particular coping strategy, however, are not well understood. Coping consistency within individuals and across situations was examined in a longitudinal study of 74 independently living elderly persons, as were the effects of the type of event experienced, appraisal of its degree of threat, and demographic variables on coping behaviour. Correlational analyses indicated that coping responses were more a function of event type than of an individual's consistent style. A number of distinct life-events were associated with particular types of coping responses. The degree of threat, one's expectation of the changeability of an event, and one's appraisal of possible courses of action were also correlated with specific coping behaviours. Age was negatively correlated with problem-focused coping and total number of coping responses. This study suggests that the type of stressful event an individual experiences may be a more important general determinant of one's coping response than is one's overriding propensity to cope in a particular way.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Professional vs. personal factors related to physicians' attitudes toward drug testing.

Questionnaires concerning attitudes toward alcohol and drug testing in the workplace, personal experiences with these substances, professional experiences in treating abuses, religious and political ideology and other personal and professional characteristics were completed by 303 internists, family physicians, gastroenterologists and psychiatrists. Drug testing was most favored by those who more strongly believed in the efficacy of treatment for abusers, the seriousness of the drug problem, the illegality of drug abuse and that marijuana use should not be permissible. Many other personal but almost no professional characteristics were correlated with attitudes toward drug testing. Physicians' opinions about drug testing strongly reflected personal ideologies rather than medical training or clinical experience.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Physicians' attitudes toward substance abuse and drug testing.

Responding to a survey, 303 physicians provided opinions about permissibility of substance use among eight occupational groups, appropriateness of drug-screening programs by employers, and the role of physicians in managing substance abuse problems. The majority felt that neither drugs nor alcohol should be used at lunch by any individuals, but that alcohol and to some degree marijuana use was permissible after work or on weekends. Physicians could not agree about reliability or use of drug-testing programs. However, most believed that employee drug screening was more appropriate after evidence of poor job performance rather than screening all employees or applicants.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗