Biomedical subjects

Jörg F Debatin

Publications and source records attributed to Jörg F Debatin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Evaluation of living liver donors with an all-inclusive 3D multi-detector row CT protocol.

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess parenchymal, vascular, and biliary anatomy of potential living liver donors with an all-inclusive multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 250 potential living liver donors (112 women, 138 men; mean age, 37 years) underwent three-phase, dual-enhancement multi-detector row CT to delineate biliary, vascular, and parenchymal morphology according to an institutional review board-approved protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. For display of the biliary system, the first CT image set was collected after the infusion of a biliary contrast agent. CT angiography was subsequently performed, after automated injection of a conventional iodinated contrast agent, to display the arterial and portal-hepatic venous systems. All data sets were reconstructed in 1-mm sections. Data analysis was based on source images, multiplanar reconstructions, and three-dimensional postprocessing images; was performed in consensus by two radiologists; and was focused on the detection of biliary and vascular variants, exclusion of focal liver lesions, and determination of hepatic volumes. Preoperative findings were correlated with intraoperative findings (available in 62 subjects). RESULTS: Technical failures were experienced in 10 of 250 examinations. Twenty-seven subjects had moderate adverse reactions related to the biliary contrast agent. Benign hepatic lesions were detected in 61 candidates; one candidate had a renal cell carcinoma. Underlying biliary and vascular anatomy was displayed at least to the second intrahepatic branch in all but seven patients. Detected anatomic variants involved the biliary (38.8%), arterial (40.0%), portal venous (21.4%), and hepatic venous (43.5%) systems. Correlation with intraoperative findings was excellent. Some biliary (n = 4), arterial (n = 5), portal venous (n = 1), and hepatic venous (n = 6) variants were missed or misinterpreted at initial reading of preoperative data; however, variants could be retrospectively depicted in all but one biliary case and one hepatic venous case. CONCLUSION: The outlined three-phase, dual-enhancement multi-detector row CT protocol represents an all-inclusive approach to evaluate potential living liver donors in a single diagnostic step.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Variability of preoperatively determined hepatic volumes in potential living liver donors.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to evaluate variability in hepatic volumes during the preoperative period in potential liver donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight potential living liver donors underwent preoperative multirow-detector computed tomographic assessment of hepatic transplant volumes twice. Intraindividual delay between the two examinations range was 3-62 days (mean, 30.1 days). Liver volumes were determined in a blinded fashion by an experienced radiologist and a transplantation surgeon. Results were compared and correlated with time of data acquisition during the day. RESULTS: Interobserver variability for assessments of liver volumes range was 6-32 mL (mean, 16 mL). Intraindividually, the difference between the two volume assessments ranged between -103 and +45 mL (mean, -19 mL), corresponding to percentages of alteration between -7.5% and +3.2%. There was no statistical correlation evident concerning volume alterations and specific time of data acquisition. CONCLUSION: Neither time of data acquisition nor waiting period for the surgical procedure seems to affect the accuracy of liver volume calculation. Apparent volume variations likely are in the range of the method error of the applied technique.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Total-body 3D magnetic resonance angiography influences the management of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

High-resolution total-body 3D MR angiography (MRA) has recently become available, revealing additional clinically relevant disease in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). However, the actual impact of total-body MRA on patient management in patients with PAOD has not been investigated so far. Two hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with angiographically proven PAOD were prospectively examined by means of contrast-enhanced total-body 3D MRA on a 1.5-T MR scanner. All correlative imaging studies performed within 60 days of total-body MRA were included in the efficacy analysis. Additional clinically relevant disease (luminal narrowing >50%, aneurysmal changes or dissections) was found in 73 segments (52 patients), including the renal arteries (36 segments), carotid arteries (28 segments), subclavian arteries (four segments) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) (five segments). Of the 73 segments, 36 were deemed necessary for further investigation by means of focused MRA examinations; the diagnosis was confirmed in all cases. Within the 60-day follow-up period, interventional or surgical therapy outside the peripheral arterial tree was performed in nine patients (11 segments), including carotid endatherectomy and renal artery angioplasty. The outlined total-body 3D MRA approach permits a comprehensive evaluation of the arterial system in patients with atherosclerosis and does indeed have an impact on patient management in patients with PAOD.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of steady state free precession imaging of the pancreas.

The aim of this work was to assess the diagnostic value of fast steady state free precession (SSFP) for the detection, characterization, and delineation of pancreatic lesions. Forty-eight patients referred for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the pancreas were included in the study. In addition to the standard protocol, axial pre-contrast SSFP slices of the pancreas were acquired. The standard of reference was defined as based on all imaging data other than SSFP, histopathology, surgery, and/or clinical follow-up. A randomized consensus reading of the SSFP data sets was retrospectively conducted by two board-certified radiologists. The presence of pancreatic lesions, local infiltration, and lymph node metastases was evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. The overall sensitivity and specificity of SSFP were 0.93 and 0.77, respectively. Comparable values were achieved for lymph node detection (0.88/0.91) and assessment of vascular infiltration (0.94/0.91). The mean area under the ROC curve (Az) was 0.91. Owing to its potential to detect vascular infiltration and the rapid acquisition time, SSFP imaging should be supplemented as part of a standard MR protocol of the pancreas.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed2005

Parallel acquisition techniques for accelerated volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination magnetic resonance imaging of the upper abdomen: assessment of image quality and lesion conspicuity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of parallel acquisition techniques (PATs) on image quality and detection of liver metastases using three-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) for clinical liver imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine patients with various primary malignancies underwent abdominal dynamic contrast-enhanced three-dimensional VIBE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 T) using a standard phased array coil. Recently introduced Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) and SENSitivity Encoding (mSENSE) PAT reconstruction algorithms were added to reduce scan time twofold. Overall image quality, motion, and aliasing artifacts were classified on a 5-point scale. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for quantitative comparison. All sequences were evaluated concerning the number of detected lesions. RESULTS: PAT resulted in a reduction of data acquisition time from 23 to 13 seconds. Both GRAPPA and mSENSE data sets yielded 30% less SNR (34.8 +/- 14.1 and 33.1 +/- 13.3, P < 0.001) and 35% less CNR (21.2 +/- 15.0 and 20.9 +/- 12.7, P < 0.05) in comparison to unaccelerated VIBE (SNR = 50.8 +/- 20.3/CNR = 32.5 +/- 19.1). Similarly, PAT revealed lower-image-quality scores than unaccelerated VIBE. GRAPPA resulted in more fold-over artifacts than mSENSE. mSENSE revealed slightly fewer motion artifacts than no PAT. The unaccelerated late-venous-phase VIBE sequence revealed 146 lesions in the same patients. Accelerated images with mSENSE reconstruction detected 138 lesions. GRAPPA revealed 127 lesions, and thus performed inferior to mSENSE. CONCLUSION: At least for arrays with small numbers of elements, such as arrays used in this study, the PAT-induced reduction in scanning times must be weighed against compromises in image quality, which translate into poorer diagnostic performance regarding detection of small hepatic lesions. Thus, the PAT implementations tested in this study should probably be reserved for patients unable to hold their breaths for regular three-dimensional VIBE data sets.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2005

"All-in-one" imaging protocols for the evaluation of potential living liver donors: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and multidetector computed tomography.

In order to compare the performance of "all-in-one" magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and "all-in-one" multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the preharvest evaluation 25 potential living donors underwent both MRI and MDCT. MRI was performed on a high-performance 1.5-T scanner, computed tomography (CT) on a 4-row multidetector-scanner. Both scan protocols included angiography of the arterial and venous hepatic systems. CT additionally included infusion of a biliary contrast agent. Data analysis was performed by 4 reviewers, based on source images, multiplanar reformats, and three-dimensional (3D) postprocessing. Determination of image quality was based on a 4-point image quality rating (IQR) scale, ranging from 1 = nondiagnostic to 4 = excellent. Preoperative and intraoperative (n = 13) findings were correlated. Magnetic resonance (MR) examinations were generally well tolerated. Within the CT scan, 2 candidates presented moderate adverse reaction to the biliary contrast agent. MRI and CT showed the same benign parenchymal lesions (IQR MR: 3.7; IQR CT: 3.4). Determination of liver volumes was easier based on CT (IQR MR: 3.3; IQR CT: 3.6). Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed 10 variants of the arterial liver supply (IQR: 3.0) and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) revealed 13 variants (IQR: 3.5). Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) identified 4 biliary variants (IQR: 1.3) and CT cholangiography identified 17 (IQR: 3.5). MRI and CT each showed 4 hepatic and portal venous variants (IQR MR: 3.4, CT: 2.8). CT and MR findings correlated well with intraoperative findings. In conclusion, both techniques proved to be efficient to evaluate potential living liver donors' anatomy in a single diagnostic step. The main advantage of CT lies in the ability to accurately assess the biliary anatomy.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Colonography by magnetic resonance imaging.

Dark-lumen magnetic resonance colonography has been shown to be an appropriate diagnostic tool for the detection of colorectal pathologies. This review describes the underlying techniques of dark-lumen magnetic resonance colonography concerning data acquisition, image interpretation and diagnostic accuracy for the detection of colorectal pathologies. In addition, techniques to improve patients' acceptance are discussed.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMed2005

Detection of pulmonary nodules using a 2D HASTE MR sequence: comparison with MDCT.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to determine the diagnostic performance of MRI based on a HASTE sequence for the detection of pulmonary nodules in comparison with MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with known pulmonary nodules underwent both MRI and CT. CT of the lung served as the standard of reference and was performed on a 4-MDCT scanner using a routine protocol. MRI was performed with axial and coronal HASTE sequences using a high-performance 1.5-T MR scanner. Image data were analyzed in three steps after completion of all data acquisition. Step 1 was the analysis of all the CT image data. Step 2 was the analysis of all the MR image data while blinded to the results of the CT findings. Step 3 closed with a simultaneous review of all corresponding CT and MRI data, including a one-to-one correlation of the size and location of all the nodules that were detected. RESULTS: Compared with the sensitivity of CT, the sensitivity values for the HASTE MR sequence were as follows: 73% for lesions less than 3 mm, 86.3% for lesions between 3 and 5 mm, 95.7% for lesions between 6 and 10 mm, and 100% for lesions larger than 10 mm. The overall sensitivity of the HASTE sequence for the detection of all pulmonary lesions was 85.4%. CONCLUSION: An MRI examination that consists of a HASTE sequence allows one to detect, exclude, or monitor pulmonary lesions that are 5 mm and bigger. Suspicious lesions smaller than 5 mm still need to be validated using CT.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Full-body cardiovascular and tumor MRI for early detection of disease: feasibility and initial experience in 298 subjects.

OBJECTIVE: High diagnostic accuracy, emerging whole-body concepts, and lack of side effects combine to render MRI a natural candidate for screening purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of a comprehensive multiorgan-targeting MRI examination and determine the frequency of findings in subjects without a history of serious disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study group was composed of 331 subjects. The MRI protocol (mean examination time, 63 min) encompassed the target organs: the brain, arterial system, heart, and colon. Diagnoses were deemed relevant if the physician had to inform the subject about the findings. Subjects with a history of serious illnesses were excluded from subsequent analysis (n=33). All analyses were performed for the resulting subgroup of 298 subjects (247 men, 51 women; mean age, 49.7 years). RESULTS: All 298 examinations were diagnostic excluding eight MR colonography components in which remaining stool hampered reliable diagnosis. Follow-up or radiologic confirmation could be obtained in 75% of all cases with relevant findings (128/169); only one false-positive result was encountered. Of the study group, 21% exhibited signs of atherosclerotic disease. Two cerebral infarctions and one myocardial infarction, previously unknown, were encountered; 12% had peripheral vascular disease. Twelve colonic polyps and nine pulmonary lesions were correctly detected. Of all MRI examinations, 29% revealed relevant additional findings in nontargeted organs. Only one minor allergoid reaction was encountered. CONCLUSION: The presented data point toward an increased use of MRI for screening in the future, but to date screening MRI should not be performed outside a research setting because the cost-benefit relation is unclear.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Assessment of liver tissue after radiofrequency ablation: findings with different imaging procedures.

UNLABELLED: Our goal was to assess the typical appearance of normal liver tissue immediately after radiofrequency ablation (RF-ablation) when imaged with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CT, MRI, 18F-FDG PET, and PET/CT. METHODS: Nineteen RF-ablation sessions were performed on nontumorous liver tissue of 10 Göttingen Mini Pigs. CT, ultrasound, MRI, 18F-FDG PET, and PET/CT were performed immediately after the intervention. All imaging procedures were evaluated qualitatively for areas of increased contrast enhancement (morphologic imaging) and regions of elevated tracer uptake (functional imaging). Images were assessed quantitatively by determination of ratios (r(p/p)) comparing contrast enhancement/tracer uptake in the periphery of the necrosis with contrast enhancement/tracer uptake of normal liver parenchyma. RESULTS: On morphologic imaging, an increase in contrast enhancement surrounding the ablative necrosis was detected in all lesions. Quantification of this area of increased contrast enhancement revealed ratios of r(p/p) = 1.57 +/- 0.2 for CT and r(p/p) = 1.57 +/- 0.19 for MRI. On PET and PET/CT, homogeneous tracer utilization was found surrounding all lesions. There were no areas of a focal or rim-like increase in glucose metabolism. The ratio r(p/p) was found to be 1.05 +/- 0.08 for functional data. Histologic examination revealed pooling of blood in the sinusoids of the lesion's periphery that was caused by outflow obstruction due to the central necrosis. CONCLUSION: On morphologic imaging, a rim-like increase of contrast enhancement was found immediately after RF-ablation resembling peripheral hyperperfusion. This area of contrast enhancement may hamper detection of residual tumor. On the basis of homogeneous tracer distribution surrounding the area of necrosis, PET and PET/CT may serve for early assessment of patients after RF-ablation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Elective full-body screening examinations: a plea for MRI.

The use of imaging is generally focussed on detecting and characterising suspected or known disease in symptomatic patients. Experience with preventative imaging, aiming at the detection of disease prior to its symptomatic manifestation, is limited. Screening involves the evaluation of asymptomatic individuals at risk for the presence of a particular disease. A screening test is designed to detect a targeted disease at a stage which still permits treatment to succeed in avoiding morbidity and/or mortality. Diseases worthy of screening should be associated with high morbidity and/or mortality if proper treatment is not applied sufficiently early. The screening test itself must not cause harm to the examined subjects. For the test to be cost-effective, the target disease should be highly prevalent in the screened population. Restricting screening to a population known to be at increased risk for the target disease enhances the test's effectiveness.

Colonic Diseases↗

PubMed2004

MR imaging of apparent small-bowel perfusion for diagnosing mesenteric ischemia: feasibility study.

The purpose of this study, which was approved by the institutional review board, was to assess the differentiation of individuals with from those without mesenteric ischemia. All subjects provided written informed consent. Six healthy volunteers and six patients with documented chronic mesenteric ischemia underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with and without oral caloric stimulation. After intravenous administration of paramagnetic contrast material, signal intensity values of the small-bowel wall were measured up to 130 seconds after contrast material injection. Volunteers and patients, respectively, had maximum enhancement of the bowel wall between 70 and 85 seconds after contrast material administration that amounted to 269% and 267% without and 425% and 333% with caloric stimulation. MR imaging assessment of small-bowel perfusion is possible and seems feasible for differentiating individuals with from those without mesenteric ischemia.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Accuracy of whole-body dual-modality fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for tumor staging in solid tumors: comparison with CT and PET.

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) when staging different malignant diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, blinded, investigator-initiated study of 260 patients with various oncological diseases who underwent fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/CT for tumor staging. CT images alone, PET images alone, PET + CT data viewed side by side, and fused PET/CT images were evaluated separately according to the tumor-node-metastasis system. One hundred forty patients with tumors not staged according to the tumor-node-metastasis system or a lack of reference standard were excluded from data analysis; 260 patients were included. Diagnostic accuracies were determined for each of the four image sets. Histopathology and a clinical follow-up of 311 (+/- 125) days served as standards of reference. RESULTS: PET/CT proved significantly more accurate in assessing tumor-node-metastasis system stage compared with CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT (P < .0001). Of 260 patients, 218 (84%; 95% CI, 79% to 88%) were correctly staged with PET/CT, 197 (76%; 95% CI, 70% to 81%) with side-by-side PET + CT, 163 (63%; 95% CI, 57% to 69%) with CT alone, and 166 (64%; 95% CI, 58% to 70%) with PET alone. Combined PET/CT had an impact on the treatment plan in 16, 39, and 43 patients when compared with PET + CT, CT alone, and PET alone, respectively. CONCLUSION: Tumor staging with PET/CT is significantly more accurate than CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET + CT. This diagnostic advantage translates into treatment plan changes in a substantial number of patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Venous compression at high-spatial-resolution three-dimensional MR angiography of peripheral arteries.

The aim of this study was to assess a venous compression technique that is performed with contrast material-enhanced peripheral magnetic resonance (MR) angiography to reduce venous enhancement. Healthy volunteers, as well as patients with correlating digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) findings, were examined. Venous compression was accomplished by placing a cuff at the midfemoral level unilaterally. Arterial signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios indicated no significant differences between compressed and noncompressed legs. Venous overlay was substantially reduced in the compressed legs. MR angiography with venous compression yielded diagnostic image quality and results that had excellent correlation with DSA findings. High-spatial-resolution peripheral MR angiography of improved diagnostic quality appears feasible, even with long data acquisition times.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Coronary artery calcium score: influence of reconstruction interval at 16-detector row CT with retrospective electrocardiographic gating.

In 30 patients, Agatston and volumetric scores were assessed by using retrospectively gated multi-detector row computed tomography (CT). For each patient, 10 data sets were created at different times and were evenly spaced throughout the cardiac cycle. For each reconstruction, patients were assigned a percentile that described the level of cardiovascular risk. Nineteen (63%) of 30 patients could be assigned to more than one risk group depending on the reconstruction interval used. Agatston and volumetric scores both proved highly dependent on the reconstruction interval used (coefficient of variation, < or =63.1%) even with the most advanced CT scanners. Accurate and reproducible quantification of coronary calcium seems to require analysis of multiple reconstructions.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Increased time rate of change of gradient fields: effect on peripheral nerve stimulation at clinical MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To increase gradient stimulation from 100% to a fixed 120% level and to assess patient acceptance of the degree of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred ten patients underwent MR imaging of various body regions according to clinical indications. An additional three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence with the 120% stimulation level was performed. A patient questionnaire was distributed after MR imaging to document the presence, degree, and location of PNS. Degree was measured with an 11-point scale (score range, 0-10). Age was analyzed between the sexes for significant statistical differences. Furthermore, correlation between location of examination and location and degree of stimulation was performed. To determine stimulation discomfort relative to other factors typically present at MR imaging, the degree of discomfort due to room temperature, size of magnet bore, acoustic noise, examination time, and heating sensation was determined for comparison, as well. RESULTS: Thirty-five (16.7%) patients reported a stimulation sensation during imaging in one or more locations, while six (2.9%) felt very uncomfortable local stimulation (score of 8-10). No significant difference between male and female patients regarding age, sex, and appearance or degree of stimulation sensation could be detected. No significant correlation between location of examination and location and degree of stimulation was recorded. Compared with other side effects, PNS was considered relatively unimportant. CONCLUSION: The 120% gradient stimulation level seems acceptable for routine clinical imaging with this gradient system, since only 2.9% of patients experienced very uncomfortable local stimulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Whole-body MR imaging: evaluation of patients for metastases.

PURPOSE: To compare the results of whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with staging based on computed tomographic (CT), dedicated MR imaging, and nuclear scintigraphic results as standard of reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients with known malignant tumors were included in the study. Patients were placed on a rolling table platform capable of moving the patient rapidly through the isocenter of the magnet bore. The thorax and the abdomen were imaged by using fast breath-hold T2-weighted sequences in the transverse plane. After intravenous administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent, three-dimensional gradient-echo data sets were collected in five stations and covered the body from the skull to the knees. Location and size of cerebral, pulmonary, hepatic, and osseous metastases were documented by two experienced radiologists. Whole-body MR imaging findings were compared with results obtained at skeletal scintigraphy, CT, and dedicated MR imaging. RESULTS: The mean examination time for whole-body MR imaging was 14.5 minutes. All cerebral, pulmonary, and hepatic metastases greater than 6 mm in diameter could be identified with whole-body MR imaging. Small pulmonary metastases were missed with MR imaging, which did not change therapeutic strategies, but MR imaging depicted a single hepatic metastasis that was missed with CT. Skeletal scintigraphy depicted osseous metastases in 21 patients, whereas whole-body MR imaging revealed osseous metastases in 24 patients. The additional osseous metastases seen with MR imaging were confirmed at follow-up examinations but did not result in a change in therapy. Whole-body MR imaging performed on a per-patient basis revealed sensitivity and specificity values of 100%. CONCLUSION: Whole-body MR imaging for the evaluation of metastases compared well with the reference techniques for cerebral, pulmonary, and hepatic lesions. Whole-body MR imaging was more sensitive in the detection of hepatic and osseous metastases than were the reference techniques.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

MR-based full-body preventative cardiovascular and tumor imaging: technique and preliminary experience.

Recent improvements in hardware and software, lack of side effects, as well as diagnostic accuracy make magnetic resonance imaging a natural candidate for preventative imaging. Thus, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of a comprehensive 60-min MR-based screening examination in healthy volunteers and a limited number of patients with known target disease. In ten healthy volunteers (7 men, 3 women; mean age, 32.4 years) and five patients (4 men, 1 woman; mean age, 56.2 years) with proven target disease we evaluated the performance of a comprehensive MR screening strategy by combining well-established organ-based MR examination components encompassing the brain, the arterial system, the heart, the lungs, and the colon. All ten volunteers and five patients tolerated the comprehensive MR examination well. The mean in-room time was 63 min. In one volunteer, insufficient colonic cleansing on the part of the volunteer diminished the diagnostic reliability of MR colonography. All remaining components of the comprehensive MR examination were considered diagnostic in all volunteers and patients. In the five patients, the examination revealed the known pathologies [aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery ( n=1), renal artery stenosis ( n=1), myocardial infarct ( n=1), and colonic polyp ( n=2)]. The outlined MR screening strategy encompassing the brain, the arterial system, the heart, the lung, and the colon is feasible. Further studies have to show that MR-based screening programs are cost-effective in terms of the life-years saved.

Adult↗