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Biomedical subjects

Jack Crosbie

Publications and source records attributed to Jack Crosbie.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Rising to stand from a chair: symmetry, and frontal and transverse plane kinematics and kinetics.

Although literature in relation to rising to stand from a chair is extensive, there is limited information on symmetry and motion in the frontal and transverse planes. Ground reaction forces (GRF), lower limb angular displacements and moments, and the thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic spine regions angular displacements around the vertical and antero-posterior axes (respectively, the transverse and frontal planes) were investigated in 12 females. Right to left symmetry and the trial-to-trial consistency of all variables was also investigated. Able-bodied participants demonstrated frontal and transverse plane displacement and moments in the lower limbs and the trunk, and mediolateral GRFs, during rising to stand from a chair. The results of this study also support the concept of a consistent individual strategy for frontal plane motion during rising to stand and highlight the strategies used to maintain side-to-side stability during the motion. The potential importance of this was reflected in the similar magnitudes of the GRFs required to stabilise the median plane orientation of the centre of mass and that required for the forward propulsion of the body. Asymmetrical net applied moments support the concept of side dominance in components of apparently symmetrical motor tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Movement coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during a picking up activity in low back pain subjects.

The effect of low back pain, with or without nerve root signs, on the joint coordination and kinematics of the lumbar spine and hips during everyday activities, such as picking up an object from the floor, are largely unknown. An experimental study was designed to compare lumbar spine and hip joint kinematics and coordination in subjects with and without sub-acute low back pain, while picking up an object in a sitting position. A three-dimensional real-time electromagnetic tracking device was used to measure movements of the lumbar spine and hips. Sixty participants with subacute low back pain, with or without straight leg raise signs, and twenty healthy asymptomatic participants were recruited. The ranges of motions of lumbar spine and hips were determined. Movement coordination between the two regions was examined by cross-correlation. Results showed that mobility was significantly reduced in subjects with back pain, who compensated for limited motion through various strategies. The contribution of the lumbar spine relative to that of the hip was, however, found to be similar in all groups. The lumbar spine-hip joint coordination was substantially altered in subjects with back pain, in particular, those with a positive straight leg raise sign. We conclude that changes in the lumbar and hip kinematics were related to back pain and limitation in straight leg raise. Lumbar-hip coordination was mainly affected by the presence of positive straight leg raise sign when picking up an object in a sitting position.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Status of physiotherapy rehabilitation after total knee replacement in Australia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Owing to a scarcity of clinical research, evidence-based clinical guidelines are not available to guide physiotherapy rehabilitation after total knee replacement surgery. This is despite the fact that, annually, over 20000 patients in Australia, over 300 000 patients in North America and 36 000 patients in the UK potentially require rehabilitation at this time to regain functional independence and to resume recreational and work-related physical activities. This survey of clinicians aimed to describe standard (usual) care after total knee replacement in Australia and to provide possible explanations for practice variance, if such variation exists. METHOD: A nationwide postal survey involving public and privately funded hospital physiotherapy departments was conducted. Purposive sampling was used to randomly select hospitals from the National Joint Replacement Registry. A series of closed and open-ended protocol-based questions were asked. RESULTS: A response rate of 65% (65/100) was obtained. Elements of consistency and diversity across the acute and post-acute phases were evident. Consistent findings included the provision of gait retraining and exercise prescription in the acute period, the requirement for independent ambulation as a criterion for discharge from acute care and the routine referral to ongoing outpatient or community-based physiotherapy. Less consistency was reported for the use of continuous passive motion and cryotherapy in the acute phase, the modes of ongoing rehabilitation, discharge from rehabilitation criteria and the tools for measuring outcomes. Both institutional and non-institutional factors appeared to explain the demonstrated practice variation. CONCLUSIONS: In order to propagate evidence-based practice guidelines and uniformity in care, well-designed clinical trials are required to identify cost-effective rehabilitation programmes after total knee replacement.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗
PubMed2006

Gluteal taping improves hip extension during stance phase of walking following stroke.

The aim of this study was to determine whether gluteal taping on the affected side improved hip extension during stance phase of walking for persons following stroke. Fifteen subjects who had suffered a stroke months to years previously resulting in mild to moderate gait impairments participated in the study. Their gait was measured under control, sham, and gluteal taping conditions, in random order. For each condition, subjects walked at a self-selected and a fast speed. Hip angle relative to that obtained during quiet standing, step length, stride length and walking velocity were measured. Hip extension increased significantly with gluteal taping (p < 0.05) for both walking speeds at late stance phase of walk compared to sham taping and control. The mean absolute difference between gluteal and control conditions for self-selected velocity was 14.2 degrees (95% CI 8.6 to 19.8) whereas the difference between sham and control conditions was 2.0 degrees (95% CI -2.0 to 6.0). Also, for both speeds, step length on the unaffected side increased significantly with gluteal taping compared with either the control or placebo conditions. The absolute difference between gluteal taping and control conditions at self-selected velocity was 3.3 cm (95% CI 2.2 to 4.3) and between sham and control conditions was 0.6 cm (95% CI -0.8 to 1.9). Affected step length and walking velocity, however, remained unchanged. Lastly, there was no significant difference between the control and sham taping condition for any of the measured variables. Gluteal taping may be a useful adjunct to current rehabilitation gait training strategies.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Symptomatic and asymptomatic movement coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during an everyday activity.

STUDY DESIGN: This experimental study analyzed the movements of the lumbar spine and hip while putting on a sock. OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in kinematics and coordination of the lumbar and hip movements in subjects with and without subacute low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is no information on the coordination of movements of lumbar spine and hips during activities of daily living such as putting on a sock. The effect of low back pain, with or without nerve root signs, is unknown. METHODS: A real-time three-dimensional electromagnetic tracking device was used to measure movements of the lumbar spine and hips in 60 subacute low back pain subjects with or without straight leg raise (SLR) signs and 20 asymptomatic subjects. Movement coordination between the two regions was examined by cross-correlation. RESULTS: Mobility was significantly reduced in back pain subjects. Symptomatic subjects compensated for limited motion through various strategies, but in all cases the contribution of the lumbar spine relative to that of the hip was significantly reduced. The lumbar spine-hip joint coordination was substantially altered in back pain subjects, in particular, when putting on a sock on the side with positive SLR sign. CONCLUSION: Changes in the lumbar and hip kinematics when putting on a sock were related to back pain and limitation in SLR. Low back pain will affect lumbar-hip coordination.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index.

INTRODUCTION: The limitations of clinical methods for appraising foot posture are well documented. A new measure, the Foot Posture Index is proposed, and its development and validation described. METHODS: A four-phase development process was used: (i) to derive a series of candidate measures, (ii) to define an appropriate scoring system, (iii) to evaluate the validity of components and modify the instrument as appropriate, and (iv) to investigate the predictive validity of the finalised instrument relative to static and dynamic kinematic models. Methods included initial concurrent validation using Rose's Valgus Index, determination of inter-item reliability, factor analysis, and benchmarking against three dimensional kinematic models derived from electromagnetic motion tracking of the lower limb. RESULTS: Thirty-six candidate components were reduced to six in the final instrument. The draft version of the instrument predicted 59% of the variance in concurrent Valgus Index scores and demonstrated good inter item reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The relevant variables from the motion tracking lower limb model predicted 58-80% of the variance in the six components retained in the final instrument. The finalised instrument predicted 64% of the variance in static standing posture, and 41% of the variance in midstance posture during normal walking. CONCLUSION: The Foot Posture Index has been subjected to thorough evaluation in the course of its development and a final version is proposed comprising six component measures that performed satisfactorily during the validation process. The Foot Posture Index assessment is quick and simple to perform and allows a multiple segment, multiple plane evaluation that offers some advantages over existing clinical measures of foot posture.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of low back pain on the kinematics and joint coordination of the lumbar spine and hip during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study to describe lumbar spine and hip joint movements during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in the kinematics and joint coordination of the lumbar spine and hips during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit between healthy subjects and patients with subacute low back pain (LBP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is a paucity of information on the coordination of movements of lumbar spine and hips during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. The effect of LBP, with or without nerve root signs, is largely unknown. METHODS: A three-dimensional real-time electromagnetic tracking device was used to measure movements of the lumbar spine and hips during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. Sixty subacute LBP participants with or without straight leg raise signs and 20 healthy asymptomatic participants were recruited. The kinematic patterns of lumbar spine and hips were analyzed. Coordination between the two joints was studied by relative phase angle analysis. RESULTS: The mobility of the spine and hips was significantly limited in back pain subjects. It was observed that LBP subjects employed various strategies to compensate for the limited motions at the hips and lumbar spine. The contribution of the lumbar spine relative to that of the hip was found to be reduced for subjects with LBP. The lumbar spine-hip joint coordination was significantly altered in back pain subjects, in particular, those with positive straight leg raise sign. CONCLUSION: Back pain was related to changes in the kinematics and coordination of the lumbar spine and hips during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. Assessment of back pain patients should include kinematic analysis of the hips as well as the spine.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

The effect of pes cavus on foot pain and plantar pressure.

BACKGROUND: Clinical management of patients with painful pes cavus is challenging because the mechanism of foot pain is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of various pes cavus aetiologies on foot pain and plantar pressure characteristics, and to identify the relationship between foot pain and plantar pressure. METHODS: Seventy subjects were recruited for this study. They included 30 subjects with pes cavus of unknown aetiology (idiopathic), 10 subjects with pes cavus of neurological aetiology (neurogenic) and 30 subjects with a normal foot type. The presence and location of foot pain was recorded and barefoot plantar pressures were measured using the EMED-SF platform for the whole foot, rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot regions. FINDINGS: Subjects with pes cavus of either idiopathic or neurogenic aetiology reported a higher proportion of foot pain (60%) compared to subjects with a normal foot type (23%) (P=0.009). Pressure-time integrals under the whole foot, rearfoot and forefoot regions in pes cavus, of both idiopathic and neurogenic origin, were higher than in the normal foot type (P<0.01). Pressure-time integrals in subjects reporting foot pain were higher than for pain free subjects (P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between pressure-time integral and foot pain (r=0.49, P<0.001). INTERPRETATION: Foot pain is a common finding among individuals with pes cavus. Regardless of aetiology, pes cavus is characterized by abnormally high pressure-time integrals which are significantly related to foot pain. An understanding of the relationship between pes cavus pressure patterns and foot pain will improve the clinical management of these patients.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry.

BACKGROUND: Pes cavus foot deformity in neuromuscular disease is thought to be related to an imbalance of musculature around the foot and ankle. The most common cause of neurogenic pes cavus is Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The aim of this investigation was to objectively quantify muscle strength and imbalance using hand-held dynamometry in patients diagnosed with CMT and pes cavus, compared to healthy controls. METHODS: Muscles responsible for inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle were measured in 55 subjects (11 CMT patients with a frank pes cavus, and 44 healthy controls with normal feet) using the Nicholas hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Test-retest reliability of the HHD procedure also was determined for each of the four muscle groups in the healthy controls. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability of the HHD procedure was excellent (ICC3,1 = 0.88 to 0.95) and the measurement error was low (SEM = 0.3 to 0.7 kg). Patients with CMT were significantly weaker than normal for all foot and ankle muscle groups tested (p < 0.001). Strength ratios of inversion-to-eversion and plantarflexion-to-dorsiflexion were significantly higher in the patients with CMT and pes cavus compared to individuals with normal foot types (p > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hand-held dynamometry is an objective and reliable instrument to measure muscle strength and imbalance in patients with CMT and a pes cavus foot deformity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Isometric muscle force measurement for clinicians treating patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminant validity and, for clinicians, the test-retest reliability of isometric force in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Mean isometric muscle strength data collected for 113 patients with knee OA were compared with published normative data for 131 asymptomatic subjects. RESULTS: Patients with knee OA, ages 60-79 years, could attain only 40-53% of the knee extensor force and 35-46% of the knee flexor force generated by their age- and sex-matched peers. One-week test-retest intraclass correlations ranged from 0.79 to 0.95. Random measurement error demonstrated a favorable "signal-to-noise" ratio. CONCLUSION: The similar decrease in knee extensor and knee flexor strength demonstrated by patients with knee OA compared with their age- and sex-matched asymptomatic peers suggests that strategies should be directed at both muscle groups to optimally limit joint damage. Isometric muscle force measurement can be a useful assessment tool for clinicians.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

High- and low-ankle flexibility and motor task performance.

The effect of widely differing but normal passive ankle flexibility on function was investigated by using able-bodied males selected from the upper and lower tails of a group normally distributed for passive dorsiflexion (DF) flexibility. Ankle, knee and hip kinematics, and kinetics were quantified during stair descent, walking and standing up. The effect of DF flexibility was apparent during stair descent, but not in standing up or walking. Mean peak DF in stance phase of stair descent was 11.5 degrees lower for 'inflexible' compared with 'flexible' subjects, but the net moment about the ankle at peak DF and the timing of peak DF were comparable between groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Does stretching induce lasting increases in joint ROM? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stretching (that is, interventions that apply tension to soft tissues) induces increases in the extensibility of soft tissues, and is therefore widely administered to increase joint mobility and reverse contractures. However, it is not clear whether the effects of stretching are lasting. A systematic review was conducted to determine if stretching (either self-administered, administered manually by therapists or by some external device such as a splint) produces lasting increases in the mobility of joints not directly affected by surgery, trauma or disease processes. METHOD: In order to determine the lasting effects of stretching, only studies that measured joint range of motion (ROM) at least one day after the cessation of stretching were included. MEDLINE (from 1966 to June 2000), EMBASE (from 1988 to June 2000), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and PEDro databases were searched, and citation tracking was used to identify randomized studies that met the inclusion criteria. Each study was rated by two independent assessors on the PEDro scale, which rated trials according to criteria such as concealed allocation, blinding and intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. All examined the effect of stretching (median number of stretch sessions = eight) on joint ROM in healthy subjects without functionally significant contractures. Four studies were of 'moderate' quality and the remaining nine were of 'poor' quality. The 'moderate' quality studies suggest that regular stretching increases joint ROM (mean increase in ROM = 8 degrees; 95% CI 6 degrees to 9 degrees) for more than one day after cessation of stretching and possibly that the effects of stretching are greater in muscle groups with limited extensibility. CONCLUSIONS: The results of four 'moderate' quality studies show a convincing effect of stretching in people without functionally significant contracture. These findings require verification with high-quality studies. Lasting effects of intensive stretching programmes (for example, stretching applied for more than six weeks or for more than 20 minutes a day) or of stretching on people with functionally significant contracture have not yet been investigated with randomized studies.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed2002

Effect of pregnancy on trunk range of motion when sitting and standing.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, apposition of body segments and changes in trunk mobility and motion control due to increased mass and dimensions may reduce the functional range of motion of the trunk segments. Although static postures have been investigated, dynamic trunk motion during pregnancy in sitting and standing has had very limited investigation. METHODS: Included in the study was a volunteer sample of convenience of nine primiparous and multiparous women. Twelve nulliparous females formed a control group. The subjects were filmed while performing maximum seated and standing trunk forward flexion, side-to-side flexion and seated axial rotation. A repeated measures anova was used to investigate systematic changes in the motion of the pelvic and thoracic segments and the thoracolumbar spines during pregnancy. RESULTS: As pregnancy progressed, there was no significant decrease in the range of side-to-side flexion. For forward flexion and axial rotation, motion of the thoracic segment and the thoracolumbar spine was significantly reduced. Movement of the pelvis was less affected. Base of support width was increased for forward flexion and side-to-side flexion. CONCLUSIONS: In late pregnancy, strategies such as increasing the width of the base of support and reducing obstruction from other body parts were used to minimize the effects of increased trunk mass and girths. Not all trunk segment motion was affected equally. The differing effect on individual trunk segment motion may lead to altered movement patterns during functional tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Static trunk posture in sitting and standing during pregnancy and early postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the postural alignment of the upper body in the sagittal plane during sitting and standing postures as pregnancy progressed and then in the postpartum period. DESIGN: Longitudinal, repeated-measures design. SETTING: Biomechanics laboratory in an Australian university. PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer convenience sample of 9 primiparous and multiparous women and 12 nulliparous women serving as a control group. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects were filmed while sitting and during quiet standing at intervals throughout pregnancy and at 8 weeks postpartum. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess systematic changes in the alignment of the pelvic, thoracic, and head segments, and the thoracolumbar and cervicothoracic spines. Student t tests were used to compare the postpartum and nulliparous control groups. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of pregnancy on the upper-body posture, although there was a tendency in some subjects for a flatter thoracolumbar spinal curve in sitting as pregnancy progressed. Postpartum during standing, the pelvic segment had a reduced sagittal plane anterior orientation, and the thoracolumbar spine was less extended, indicating a flatter spinal curve compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant effect of pregnancy on upper-body posture during sitting and standing, although individuals varied in their postural response. A flatter spinal curve was found during standing postpartum.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Changes in the temporal and distance parameters of gait evoked by negotiation of curbs.

We report a study in which we examined the gait modulations performed by a group of healthy adults, naïve to the purpose of the study, while walking across a curb under natural environmental conditions out of doors. Data were collected for step time and step length using a videocamera and a 20m walkway. Location of foot position was achieved using a novel method to account for parallax and out of plane motion. The results obtained indicated that during both curb ascent and descent, subjects were able to predict accurately the need to make an adjustment to step length in order to avoid placing the foot in a potentially hazardous position on or near the curb. These step adjustments involved both lengthening and shortening the step as well as keeping it unchanged. In any case, the selection of strategy was not apparently influenced by the walking speed but was a function of the predicted foot position with respect to the curb. Also, the time at which the step adjustment was made appeared independent of the time to contact with the curb. These results suggest that, under natural circumstances, accurate planning for obstacle negotiation is made some distance before the obstacle.

Journal Article↗