Etiological heterogeneity of familial periventricular heterotopia and hydrocephalus.
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) represents a neuronal migration disorder that results in gray matter nodules along the lateral ventricles beneath an otherwise normal appearing cortex. While prior reports have shown that mutations in the filamin A (FLNA) gene can cause X-linked dominant PH, an increasing number of studies suggest the existence of additional PH syndromes. Further classification of these cortical malformation syndromes associated with PH allows for determination of the causal genes. Here we report three familial cases of PH with hydrocephalus. One pedigree has a known FLNA mutation with hydrocephalus occurring in the setting of valproic acid exposure. Another pedigree demonstrated possible linkage to the Xq28 locus including FLNA, although uncharacteristically a male was affected and sequencing of the FLNA gene in this individual revealed no mutation. However, in the third family with an autosomal mode of inheritance, microsatellite analysis ruled out linkage with the FLNA gene. Routine karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization using BAC probes localized to FLNA also showed no evidence of genomic rearrangement. Western blot analysis of one of the affected individuals demonstrated normal expression of the FLNA protein. Lastly, sequencing of greater than 95% of the FLNA gene in an affected member failed to demonstrate a mutation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the etiological heterogeneity of PH with hydrocephalus. Furthermore, there likely exists an autosomal PH gene, distinct from the previously described X-linked and autosomal recessive forms. Affected individuals have severe developmental delay and may have radiographic findings of hydrocephalus.