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Biomedical subjects

James Goodwin

Publications and source records attributed to James Goodwin.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Autoimmune optic neuropathy.

The subjects of this review are the various types of optic nerve disease that involve autoimmune mechanisms, broadly defined. These include optic neuropathy caused by direct inflammatory involvement of the nerve parenchyma and optic nerve damage as an ischemic sequel to primary vasculitis, although there is naturally some overlap between the two conditions. The review considers 1) optic neuropathy that occurs as part of recognized systemic autoimmune disorders and collagen vascular diseases; and 2) isolated autoimmune optic neuropathy in which there is usually some serologic marker indicating the autoimmune nature of the process but without the signs or symptoms of a systemic disease and without the standard criteria for diagnosing a specific systemic disease.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery.

A 68-year-old man had an unremitting left sixth cranial nerve palsy immediately after completing a long bicycle trip. High-resolution (3 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a dolichoectatic vertebral artery that compressed the left sixth cranial nerve against the belly of the pons at its root exit zone. It was postulated that increased blood flow in the vessel during the unusually prolonged aerobic exercise precipitated the palsy. Compressive palsies of cranial nerves caused by a dolichoectatic basilar artery have often been documented; compressive palsy caused by a dolichoectatic vertebral artery is less well-recognized.

Abducens Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Validation of the OSCAR 2 oscillometric 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor according to the International Protocol for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices.

OBJECTIVES: The accuracy of blood pressure measuring devices is of prime importance and should be validated before devices are used clinically. We carried out an independent evaluation of the OSCAR 2 oscillometric ambulatory blood pressure monitor (SunTech Medical model 222) according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol. METHODS: Adult subjects were recruited from patients and staff at The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK. Nine sequential same-arm blood pressure measurements were taken alternating between simultaneous readings by two independent, trained observers using mercury sphygmomanometers and the device operated by a third observer. In phase one, 15 subjects participated (five in each of the low, medium and high blood pressure ranges) with 18 subjects participating in phase two. Data from 33 subjects (11 in each of the three blood pressure ranges) were analysed for systolic (19 male, 14 female, mean age 56.0 years) and for diastolic (17 male, 16 female, mean age 51.1 years) blood pressure. RESULTS: The OSCAR 2 passed the first phase of the validation process. In phase 2.1, the OSCAR 2 monitor had 71 readings within 5 mmHg, 86 within 10 mmHg and 94 within 15 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 72 readings within 5 mmHg, 88 within 10 mmHg and 96 within 15 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mean (+/-SD) differences between observers and device were 0.9+/-2.3 mmHg for SBP and -0.5+/-2.3 mmHg for DBP. In phase 2, 24 subjects had at least two of the differences within 5 mmHg and three subjects had no differences within 5 mmHg for SBP while for DBP 25 subjects had at least two of the differences within 5 mmHg and two subjects had no differences within 5 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: The OSCAR 2 passes all requirements for validation by the International Protocol and can be recommended for clinical use in an adult population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Recent developments in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disease with a predilection for young obese women. The most common symptoms are headache, transient visual obscuration and pulsatile tinnitus. The only focal neurologic finding is false-localizing 6th cranial nerve palsy. Papilledema is usually present and this can lead to optic atrophy with progressive permanent visual loss. The earliest visual loss is constriction of peripheral visual field, usually starting with the inferior nasal quadrant. Numerous theories have been entertained as to the pathogenesis but this still remains an open controversy. The most prevalent current theories involve increased resistance to cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption at the arachnoid granulations, either from intrinsic disease in the granulations or secondary to elevated pressure in the dural venous sinuses into which the cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed across the granulations. The syndrome of idiopathic intracranial hypertension was long ago recognized as a complication of recurrent otitis media with resultant thrombosis of the transverse and sigmoid dural venous sinuses. Cases secondary to dural venous sinus thrombosis are seldom encountered today because the incidence of chronic otitis is much less than in the past. The prevalent concept has been that the idiopathic cases in obese young women were not associated with pathology in the dural venous sinuses. A recent study using ATECO MR venography, which the authors claim to be more reliable than even conventional catheter venography, has demonstrated stenosis of the transverse and sigmoid dural venous sinuses distinguishes cases of idiopathic intracranial hypertension from controls with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The authors believe the stenosis is secondary to intracranial hypertension but that it may further aggravate the hypertension when it occurs.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Disorders of higher cortical visual function.

In the past few years, there have been significant advances in the understanding of how the so-called higher cortical functions are organized and mapped into various anatomic brain regions. There has been considerable refinement in lesion localization provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so the precise regions that are damaged in patients with particular types of visual perceptual problems can be demonstrated. In addition, functional MRI has provided insight into neural networks serving higher cortical functions in normal human subjects as they perform perceptual and cognitive tasks.

Blindness, Cortical↗