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Biomedical subjects

James M Hoffman

Publications and source records attributed to James M Hoffman.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Toward an integrated resource for pharmacogenomics (PGx): Survey findings from the genomic medicine communities.

PURPOSE: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is a critical component of precision health care that aims to improve drug efficacy and reduce adverse events. Terminologies and standards have not always aligned between PGx and broader genomic medicine communities, which is a barrier to PGx implementation. An updated assessment of community barriers, needs, and perspectives is critical to enable more standardized terminologies and interpretation frameworks. METHODS: The Clinical Genome Resource's PGx Interpretation Committee (PGxIC, formerly referred to as the PGx Working Group, PGxWG) conducted 2 surveys targeting the PGx and genomic medicine communities (n = 508) to evaluate perspectives on PGx clinical validity and actionability frameworks, as well as other barriers to PGx implementation. Surveys were tailored toward self-reported familiarity with PGx. Data primarily consisted of free text, which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods. RESULTS: Survey responses indicated conflation of terminology across disciplines, including confusion around differing definitions of terms in PGx and non-PGx contexts. Data also indicated broad support for leveraging existing PGx guidelines and framework structures alongside the standardization of approaches and centralization of resources. CONCLUSION: These novel survey results demonstrate broad consensus on the importance of integrating PGx into clinical practice, including support for development of gene-drug response clinical validity and actionability frameworks aligned with Clinical Genome Resource's frameworks for gene-disease relationships.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Projecting future drug expenditures--2006.

PURPOSE: Drug expenditure trends in 2004 and 2005, projected drug expenditures for 2006, and factors likely to influence drug costs are discussed. SUMMARY: Various factors are likely to affect drug costs, including drug prices, drugs in development, and generic drugs. In 2004 there was a continued moderation of the increase in drug expenditures. Drug expenditures increased by 8.7% from 2003 to 2004. Through the first nine months of 2005, expenditures increased by only 8.1% compared with 2004. This moderation can be attributed to several factors, including the continued trend toward higher prescription drug cost sharing for insured consumers, growing availability of generic drugs, and lack of "blockbuster" new drugs in recent years. Drug expenditures in 2006 will likely be influenced by similar factors, with few costly new products reaching the market, increased concern over product safety slowing the diffusion of those new agents that do reach the market, and several important patent expirations, leading to slower growth in expenditures. CONCLUSION: Forecasting and managing rising drug expenditures remains a challenge. Pharmacy managers must remain vigilant in monitoring drug costs in their health system and take a proactive role in pursuing efficient drug utilization. The dynamic health policy environment further complicates drug budgeting and must be considered, especially in integrated health systems responsible for managing inpatient, outpatient, and clinic drug costs. The comparison of health-system-specific data and trends with the national information presented in this article may provide a useful context when presenting institutional drug costs to senior management.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

Projecting future drug expenditures--2005.

PURPOSE: Drug expenditure trends in 2003 and 2004 and projected drug expenditures for 2005 are discussed. SUMMARY: Various factors are likely to affect drug costs, including drug prices, drugs in development, and generic drugs. In 2003 there was a continued moderation of the increase in drug expenditures. Drug expenditures increased by 11.4% from 2002 to 2003. Through the first nine months of 2004, expenditures increased by only 8.7% compared with 2003. This moderation can be attributed to many factors, particularly patent expirations, prescription-to-nonprescription conversions and a continued slowdown in new drug approvals. Higher cost sharing for consumers and continued weaknesses in several sectors of the U.S. economy affecting employment levels and insurance coverage also contributed to this smaller increase in drug utilization. It is expected that 2005 drug expenditure growth will out-pace the growth in overall health care expenditures and growth in the economy. CONCLUSION: In 2005, there should be a 10-12% increase in drug expenditures in outpatient settings, a 12-15% increase in clinics, and a 6-9% increase in hospitals.

Drug Costs↗
PubMed2004

Pharmacy residency training in academic medical centers.

PURPOSE: A survey of U.S. academic medical centers (AMCs) was conducted to identify the most important and challenging issues in pharmacy residency training. METHODS: A questionnaire addressing program characteristics and residency training concerns was sent electronically to pharmacy directors at 130 AMCs that are members or associate members of the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC). Residency coordinators for both pharmacy practice and specialized programs were asked to complete the questionnaire, with input from other pharmacists involved in the residency program. Respondents were asked to rate the importance and degree of challenge for all issues on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = least important or least challenging and 5 = most important or most challenging. RESULTS: Responses were received from hospitals representing over 60% of all residency positions offered by UHC member hospitals. Recruitment was rated the most important issue (mean importance score, 4.8) facing residency programs in AMCs, but with over 85% of budgeted positions filled, programs appear to be successful in overcoming this concern. The most challenging issue (mean challenge score, 4.2) was compliance with the evaluation and documentation elements of the ASHP Residency Learning System (RLS), a system often used to meet requirements for pharmacy practice residency accreditation. The completion of resident research requirements was ranked as both an important and a challenging issue (mean importance score, 4.5; mean challenge score, 3.9). CONCLUSION: A survey of AMCs showed that they offered a wide variety of pharmacy residency programs and filled most budgeted resident positions. Resident recruitment, the RLS, and research requirements are the most important and challenging residency concerns facing the respondents.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

Projecting future drug expenditures--2004.

PURPOSE: Drug expenditure trends since 2002 and projected drug expenditures for 2004 are discussed. SUMMARY: In 2002 there was a moderation in the trend of increasing drug expenditures. Drug expenditures increased by 12.3% between 2001 and 2002. This trend continued in the first half of 2003, with expenditures increasing by only 10% compared with 2002. This moderation in the drug expenditures trend can be attributed to many factors, especially patent expirations and decreases in new drug approvals. Higher cost sharing for consumers and a general economic slowdown in the United States affecting employment and insurance coverage have resulted in a smaller increase in drug utilization. In 2004, there should be a 10-12% increase in drug expenditures for outpatient settings, a 19-21% increase for clinics, and a 6-8% increase for hospitals. CONCLUSION: Drug expenditure growth should continue to outpace the growth in overall health care expenditures and the growth in the U.S. economy.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2003

Projecting future drug expenditures--2003.

Drug expenditure projections for 2003 and factors likely to influence drug costs are discussed. The United States continues to face the challenge of increased growth in health expenditures, and drug expenditures are continuing to increase faster than the growth in total health care expenditures. These increases can be largely attributed to an increase in the average age of the U.S. population and technological advancement. On the basis of price inflation and non-price inflationary factors, including increases in volume, shifts in patient and therapeutic intensity, and expected approval of new drugs, a 10-12% increase in drug expenditures in 2003 for the inpatient setting and a 13.5-15.5% increase for ambulatory care settings are forecasted. While few new drugs are expected to greatly influence expenditures in 2003, the continued diffusion of recently approved drugs such as drotrecogin alfa and nesiritide will have a dramatic impact on total drug expenditures and must be carefully considered in the budgeting process. An agent likely to have a significant impact on HIV treatment is enfuvirtide, the first in a new class of antiretrovirals (fusion inhibitors), but its high cost ($10,000-$15,000 per year) may limit patients' access to this medication. An expanded user's guide is provided to assist the reader in appropriate application of this information in the drug budgeting process. Technological, demographic, and market-based changes and changes in public policy will continue to influence pharmaceutical expenditures in the coming year. An understanding of the overall drivers of medication expenditures and vigilance in monitoring pharmaceutical innovation are critical in the effective management of these resources.

Drug Approval↗
PubMed2003

Medication errors caused by confusion of drug names.

Many drug names can look or sound like other drug names, which leads to confusion and potentially harmful medication errors. While various types of drug names exist, brand (proprietary) names are most commonly confused. Examples of the numerous drug names that have been confused because they look and/or sound similar include Celebrex (celecoxib), Cerebyx (fosphenytoin), and Celexa (citalopram). Factors such as poor handwriting and clinical similarity may exacerbate the problem. This problem can be alleviated through actions by regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, healthcare professionals, and patients. To address the problem, significant changes in the pharmaceutical regulatory process have occurred in the US and Europe.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed2003

Has there been progress in reducing mortality among Wisconsin adults ages 25 to 44?

Wisconsin residents age 25-44 years represent an important life stage and a relatively large portion of the Wisconsin population. Focusing on the most common causes of death among Wisconsin adults 25-44 years old, we assess progress in reducing mortality, describe disparities between subgroups of this age group, and identify areas for improvement. Mortality trends and leading causes of death were examined from 1980-1999 by querying the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's WONDER database using the methods established by the National Vital Statistics System. Mortality rates in Wisconsin declined slightly (5%) during this time, and are consistently lower than the national rates. Mortality due to unintentional injury, cancer, and coronary heart disease declined in this age group. However, this decline was in contrast to increases in mortality due to suicide, homicide, and HIV--all preventable causes of death. Finally, disparities in mortality rates increased between black and white Wisconsin residents. In order to make progress in this age group, public health efforts need to focus on effective strategies to prevent HIV and violence.

Adult↗