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Biomedical subjects

James Murray

Publications and source records attributed to James Murray.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of succinate dehydrogenase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase (Complex II and III) isolated by immunoprecipitation from bovine and mouse heart mitochondria.

The oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) consists of five multi-enzyme complexes, Complexes I-V, and is a key component of mitochondrial function relating to energy production, oxidative stress, cell signaling and apoptosis. Defects or a reduction in activity in various components that make up the OXPHOS enzymes can cause serious diseases, including neurodegenerative disease and various metabolic disorders. Our goal is to develop techniques that are capable of rapid and in-depth analysis of all five OXPHOS complexes. Here, we describe a mild, micro-scale immunoisolation and mass spectrometric/proteomic method for the characterization of Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) and Complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) from bovine and rodent heart mitochondria. Extensive protein sequence coverage was obtained after immunocapture, 1D SDS PAGE separation and mass spectrometric analysis for a majority of the 4 and 11 subunits, respectively, that make up Complexes II and III. The identification of several posttranslational modifications, including the covalent FAD modification of flavoprotein subunit 1 from Complex II, was possible due to high mass spectrometric sequence coverage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Is comorbidity in the eating disorders related to perceptions of parenting? Criterion validity of the revised Young Parenting Inventory.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies support the reliability and validity of the Young Parenting Inventory-Revised (YPI-R) and its use in investigating the role of parenting in the aetiology and maintenance of eating pathology. However, criterion validity has yet to be fully established. To investigate one aspect of criterion validity, this study examines the association between parenting and comorbid problems in the eating disorders (including general psychopathology and impulsivity). METHOD: The participants were 124 women with eating disorders. They completed the YPI-R and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; a measure of general psychopathology). They were also interviewed about their use of a number of impulsive behaviours. RESULTS: YPI-R scales were significant predictors of one of the nine BSI scales, and distinguished those patients who did or did not use specific impulsive behaviours. DISCUSSION: The criterion validity of the YPI-R is partially supported with regards to general psychopathology and impulsivity. The findings highlight the specificity of the parenting styles measured by the YPI-R, and the need for further research using this tool.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mass spectrometric identification of a novel phosphorylation site in subunit NDUFA10 of bovine mitochondrial complex I.

Mitochondrial Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) consists of at least 46 subunits. Phosphorylation of the 42-kDa subunit NDUFA10 was recently reported using a novel phosphoprotein stain [Schulenberg et al. (2003) Analysis of steady-state protein phosphorylation in mitochondria using a novel fluorescent phosphosensor dye. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 27251]. Two smaller Complex I phosphoproteins, ESSS and MWFE, and their sites of modification, have since been determined [Chen et al. (2004) The phosphorylation of subunits of complex I from bovine heart mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 26036]. Here we identify the site of phosphorylation in NDUFA10 from bovine heart mitochondria by tandem mass spectrometry. A single phosphopeptide spanning residues 47-60 was identified and confirmed by synthesis to be (47)LITVDGNICSGKpSK(60), establishing serine-59 as the site of phosphorylation.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

High-level falls: type and severity of injuries and survival outcome according to age.

BACKGROUND: High-level falls are associated with multiple injuries and are often difficult to evaluate. Age may be an important factor determining the anatomic distribution and severity of injuries and outcome. There is little work published on this subject. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of age on the incidence and severity of specific organ injuries and survival outcome after high-level falls. METHODS: This was a trauma registry study that included all victims of high-level falls (>15 feet) admitted to a Level I academic trauma center. The incidence of severe trauma (Injury Severity Score > 15), severe body area trauma (head, chest, abdomen, and extremities) with Abbreviated Injury Scale score > 3, specific organ injuries (spine, thoracic aorta, solid and hollow viscus intra-abdominal injuries, and pelvic and lower extremity fractures), and mortality were compared in four age groups: < or =14 years, 15 to 55 years, 56 to 65 years, and >65 years. RESULTS: The study included 1,613 patients. There were 128 patients (7.9%) in the age group < or =14 years, 1,389 (86.1%) in the age group 15 to 55 years, 59 (3.7%) in the age group 56 to 65 years, and 37 (2.3%) in the age group >65 years. The mortality ranged from 5.5% in the pediatric group to 24.3% in the elderly group (p = 0.02). Significantly more patients in the elderly group had an Injury Severity Score > 15 than in the pediatric group (45.2% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.001). The overall incidence of spinal fractures was 24.1% (392 cases) and increased significantly after the age of 15 years. Elderly patients were significantly more likely than pediatric patients to suffer pelvic fractures (21.6% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.0001) and more likely to have fractures of the femur (18.9% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.006). The nature of intracranial injuries and the incidence of solid and hollow viscus injuries were similar in all age groups. CONCLUSION: Age is an important variable in determining the nature and severity of injuries after high-level falls. Spinal injuries are very common in all age groups older than 14 years.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2005

Diagnosis of acid-base derangements and mortality prediction in the trauma intensive care unit: the physiochemical approach.

BACKGROUND: Conventional measures such as anion gap and base deficit can be inadequate for defining and managing complex acid-base derangements. Physiochemical analysis is an alternative approach based on the principles of electroneutrality and conservation of mass, and may be more accurate for defining the presence and type of acidosis and unmeasured anions. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 2,152 sets of laboratory data from 427 trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit. All data sets included simultaneous measurements of an arterial blood gas with base deficit (BD), serum electrolytes, albumin, lactate, and a calculated anion gap (AG). Physiochemical analysis was used to calculate the corrected anion gap (AGcorr), the apparent strong ion difference, the effective strong ion difference, the strong ion gap (SIG), and the base deficit corrected for unmeasured anions (BDua). Statistical analysis comparing AG and BD to the physiochemical measures was performed on all data and the subset of admission laboratory data only (n = 427). RESULTS: Unmeasured anions as defined by an elevated SIG were present in 92% of patients (mean SIG, 5.9 +/- 3.3), whereas hyperlactatemia and hyperchloremia were present in only 18% and 21%, respectively. The physiochemical approach yielded a different clinical interpretation of the acid-base status than the conventional approach in 597 (28%) of the data sets. Lactate level was more strongly correlated with the physiochemical measures of SIG (r = 0.48) and AGcorr (r = 0.47) than with the conventional measures of AG (r = 0.24) and BD (r = 0.36, p < 0.01 for all). Both admission BD and BDua were significantly elevated in nonsurvivors, and logistic regression analysis for prediction of mortality revealed an area under the curve of 0.70 for BDua (p < 0.01) versus 0.65 for BD (p < 0.01). AGcorr and SIG did not differentiate survivors from nonsurvivors in the group as a whole. However, analysis of patients with a normal admission lactate level (n = 322) demonstrated a significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in SIG (7 vs. 5, p = 0.009), BDua (-4.2 vs. -2.0, p = 0.004), and AGcorr (21 vs. 19, p = 0.04), whereas the conventional measures of BD and AG showed no significant discriminatory ability. CONCLUSION: Unmeasured anions are the most common component of metabolic acidosis in trauma intensive care unit patients. The physiochemical approach can significantly alter the acid-base diagnosis compared with conventional measures. The SIG, AGcorr, and BDua may be particularly helpful in predicting acid-base derangements and mortality in patients with normal serum lactate levels.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed2005

The decreasing incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome after injury: a 5-year observational study.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after major trauma has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, there have been marked advances in defining etiologic factors and optimal management strategies for ARDS. We sought to examine whether there has been a corresponding change in the incidence and outcomes of ARDS after injury in recent years. METHODS: A prospective observational study of all adult trauma intensive care unit (ICU) admissions over 5 years. Patients were evaluated daily for predefined ARDS criteria. Patient data, illness and injury severity, and ARDS incidence were compared by year of admission. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of ARDS and mortality. RESULTS: There were 1,913 patients identified; the majority were male (79%) and suffered blunt trauma (62%). Two hundred seventy-four patients (14%) met criteria for ARDS. The incidence of ARDS showed a significant decrease from 23% in 2000 to rates of 8.4% and 9% for 2003 and 2004 (p < 0.01), respectively. There was no significant difference by year for trauma mechanism, age, sex, Injury Severity Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ICU length of stay, or mortality. The strongest independent predictor of ARDS was year of ICU admission, with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-5.0) for admission in 2000 versus subsequent years (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and injury severity, patients with ARDS had more days on mechanical ventilation and longer hospital and ICU stays (all p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in mortality with or without ARDS (p = 0.57). CONCLUSION: There has been a more than 50% reduction in the incidence of ARDS after injury during the past 5 years in our institution despite similar patient demographics and injury severities. Development of ARDS increased hospital and ICU stays but not hospital mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rapid purification and mass spectrometric characterization of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) from rodent brain and a dopaminergic neuronal cell line.

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction signify important biochemical events associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies using in vitro and in vivo PD models or tissues from diseased patients have demonstrated a selective inhibition of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I of the OXPHOS electron transport chain) that affects normal mitochondrial physiology leading to neuronal death. In an earlier study, we demonstrated that oxidative stress due to glutathione depletion in dopaminergic cells, a hallmark of PD, leads to Complex I inhibition via cysteine thiol oxidation (Jha et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 26096-26101). Complex I is a approximately 980-kDa multimeric enzyme spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane comprising at least 45 protein subunits. As a prerequisite to investigating modifications to Complex I using a rodent disease model for PD, we developed two independent rapid and mild isolation procedures based on sucrose gradient fractionation and immunoprecipitation to isolate Complex I from mouse brain and a cultured rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cell line. Both protocols are capable of purifying Complex I from small amounts of rodent tissue and cell cultures. Blue Native gel electrophoresis, one-dimensional and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE were employed to assess the purity and composition of isolated Complex I followed by extensive mass spectrometric characterization. Altogether, 41 of 45 rodent Complex I subunits achieved MS/MS sequence coverage. To our knowledge, this study provides the first detailed mass spectrometric analysis of neuronal Complex I proteins and provides a means to investigate the role of cysteine oxidation and other posttranslational modifications in pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Focused proteomics: towards a high throughput monoclonal antibody-based resolution of proteins for diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.

The availability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation chain (OXPHOS) and other mitochondrial components facilitates the analysis and ultimately the diagnosis of mitochondrially related diseases. mAbs against each of the five complexes and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) are the basis of a rapid and simple immunocytochemical approach [Hanson, B.J., Capaldi, R.A., Marusich, M.F. and Sherwood, S.W., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50 (2002) 1281-1288]. This approach can be used to detect if complexes have altered assembly in mitochondrial disease due to mutations in nuclear encoded genes, such as in Leigh's disease, or in mitochondrially encoded genes, e.g., MELAS. Other mAbs have recently been obtained that can immunocapture each of the five OXPHOS complexes, PDH and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) from very small amounts of tissue such as that obtained from cell culture or needle biopsies from patients. When adapted to a 96-well plate format, these mAbs allow measurement of the specific activity of each of the mitochondrial components individually and analysis of their subunit composition and state of posttranslational modification. The immunocapture protocol should be useful not only in the analysis of genetic mitochondrial diseases but also in evaluating and ultimately diagnosing late-onset mitochondrial disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset diabetes, which are thought to result from accumulated oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins such as the OXPHOS chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Immunological approaches to the characterization and diagnosis of mitochondrial disease.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in the diagnosis and characterization of mitochondrial diseases. They can be used in immunohistochemical and/or Western blotting approaches to identify misassembled OXPHOS complexes or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiencies where the intact complex is not formed which is the great majority of cases. The advantage of antibody based approaches is that they can be quantitative, require very small amounts of tissue sample and are fast, simple and relatively cheap to perform. Here we provide details of the mAbs currently available and describe optimized protocols for both immunohistochemistry using patient fibroblasts as well as Western blotting using either cell culture or biopsy material.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Focused proteomics: monoclonal antibody-based isolation of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery and detection of phosphoproteins using a fluorescent phosphoprotein gel stain.

We have raised monoclonal antibodies capable of immunocapturing all five complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation for evaluating their post-translational modifications. Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), complex III (cytochrome c reductase), complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and complex V (F1F0 ATP synthase) from bovine heart mitochondria were obtained in good yield from small amounts of tissue in more than 90% purity in one step. The composition and purity of the complexes was evaluated by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies against individual subunits of the five complexes. In this first study, the phosphorylation state of the proteins without inducing phosphorylation or dephosphorylation was identified by using the novel Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain. The major phosphorylated components were the same as described before in sucrose gradient enriched complexes. In addition a few additional potential phosphoproteins were observed. Since the described monoclonal antibodies show cross reactivity to human proteins, this procedure will be a fast and efficient way of studying post-translational modifications in control and patient samples using only small amounts of tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Trauma fatalities: time and location of hospital deaths.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the epidemiology, temporal distribution, and place of traumatic hospital deaths can be a useful tool in identifying areas for research, education, and allocation of resources. STUDY DESIGN: Trauma registry-based study of all traumatic hospital deaths at a Level I urban trauma center during the period 1993 to 2002. The time and hospital location where deaths occurred were analyzed according to mechanism of injury, age, Glasgow Coma Score, and body areas with severe injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] >/= 4). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with death at various times after admission. RESULTS: During the study period there were 2,648 hospital trauma deaths. The most common body area with critical injuries (AIS >/= 4) was the head (43%), followed by the chest (28%) and the abdomen (19%). Overall, 37% of victims had no vital signs present on admission. Chest AIS >/= 4, penetrating trauma, and age greater than 60 years were significant risk factors associated with no vital signs on admission. Patients with severe chest trauma (AIS >/= 4) reaching the hospital alive were significantly more likely to die within the first 60 minutes than were patients with severe abdominal or head injuries (17% versus 11% versus 7%). In patients reaching the hospital alive, the time and place of death varied according to mechanism of injury and injured body area. Deaths caused by severe head trauma peaked at 6 to 24 hours, and deaths caused by severe chest or abdominal trauma peaked at 1 to 6 hours after admission. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal distribution and location of trauma deaths are influenced by the mechanism of injury, age, and the injured body area. These findings may help in focusing research, education, and resource allocation in a more targeted manner to reduce trauma deaths.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Mortality prediction of head Abbreviated Injury Score and Glasgow Coma Scale: analysis of 7,764 head injuries.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the prognostic value and limitations of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and head Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) and correlated head AIS with GCS. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 7,764 patients with head injuries. Bivariate analysis was performed to examine the relationship of GCS, head AIS, age, gender, and mechanism of injury with mortality. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors associated with mortality. RESULTS: The overall mortality in the group of head injury patients with no other major extracranial injuries and no hypotension on admission was 9.3%. Logistic regression analysis identified head AIS, GCS, age, and mechanism of injury as significant independent risk factors of death. The prognostic value of GCS and head AIS was significantly affected by the mechanism of injury and the age of the patient. Patients with similar GCS or head AIS but different mechanisms of injury or ages had significantly different outcomes. The adjusted odds ratio of death in penetrating trauma was 5.2 (3.9, 7.0), p < 0.0001, and in the age group > or = 55 years the adjusted odds ratio was 3.4 (2.6, 4.6), p < 0.0001. There was no correlation between head AIS and GCS (correlation coefficient -0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Mechanism of injury and age have a major effect in the predictive value of GCS and head AIS. There is no good correlation between GCS and head AIS.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Pedestrians injured by automobiles: relationship of age to injury type and severity.

BACKGROUND: There is little research on the effect of age on the nature and severity of injuries to pedestrians struck by automobiles. STUDY DESIGN: Trauma registry study included all auto versus pedestrian trauma admissions of pedestrians injured by automobiles at an academic Level I trauma center over 10 years and 4 months. Injury Severity Score, severe body area (head, chest, abdomen, extremities) trauma with Abbreviated Injury Score >3, specific organ injuries, and mortality were calculated according to age groups (< or =14 years, 15 to 55 years, 56 to 65 years, >65 years). RESULTS: During the study period 5,838 admissions were reviewed. There were 1,136 patients (19.4%) 14 years old or less, 3,741 (64.1%) who were 15 to 55 years, 420 (7.2%) 56 to 65 years, and 541 (9.3%) older than 65 years. Overall mortality was 7.7% and ranged from 3.2% in the age group 14 years or less to 25.1% in patients over 65 years. The incidences of severe trauma (Injury Severity Score >15) in the four age groups were 11.2%, 18.7%, 23.6%, and 36.8%, respectively. The incidences of critical trauma (Injury Severity Score >30) were 2.3%, 3.9%, 5.7%, and 13.9%, respectively. The incidence of severe head and chest trauma (Abbreviated Injury Score >3) increased with age. The incidence of solid organ and hollow viscus injuries was similar in all age groups. Spinal injuries increased significantly with age and ranged from 0.4% in the pediatric group to 8.5% in the elderly group. Pelvic and tibial fractures were significantly more common in adults; femur fractures were significantly more common in the pediatric group. CONCLUSIONS: Age plays an important role in the anatomic distribution and severity of injuries and survival outcomes after pedestrian injuries.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol and illicit drugs in traumatic deaths: prevalence and association with type and severity of injuries.

BACKGROUND: My colleagues and I studied alcohol and illicit drug intoxication in trauma fatalities and their association with the nature and severity of injuries. STUDY DESIGN: We examined the trauma registry and autopsies of all trauma fatalities at an academic Level I trauma center. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association of substance use with the Injury Severity Score, body areas with severe trauma (Abbreviated Injury Score >/= 3), and spinal injuries. RESULTS: From January 2000 to May 2003, 931 trauma deaths occurred; 600 victims were tested for alcohol and illicit drugs and 256 of these (42.7%) tested positive. Male victims were significantly more likely to have a positive screen than female patients (46.1% versus 26.7%, p = 0.0003). Penetrating trauma was significantly more likely to be associated with a positive screen than blunt trauma (53.0% versus 31.0%, p < 0.001). Hispanic and African-American victims were more likely to have a positive screen than Caucasians or Asians. Half the patients in the age group 15 to 50 years had a positive screen. Victims with penetrating trauma and positive screen were significantly more likely to be dead at hospital arrival than victims with negative toxicology (68.8% versus 48.8%, p = 0.05). Pedestrians killed by automobiles who had positive screens were more likely to have severe abdominal trauma (Abbreviated Injury Score >/= 3) than victims with negative toxicology (54.2% versus 25.0%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of alcohol and illicit drug use in patients who die from trauma, especially penetrating trauma in men aged 15 to 50 years, who are Hispanic or African American. Victims with penetrating trauma and positive toxicology are considerably more likely to have no vital signs on admission than victims with negative toxicology. Pedestrians killed by automobiles who had positive screens have a higher incidence of severe abdominal injuries than victims with negative screens.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Follow-up results of a phase II study of ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and mild thrombocytopenia.

This report presents updated time-to-event variables from a multicenter phase II trial of reduced-dose 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and mild thrombocytopenia (platelet counts of 100 to 149 x 10(9) platelets/L). Patients received a single course of ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy, with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan administered at 0.3 mCi/kg (compared to a standard dose of 0.4 mCi/kg). In 30 patients, the overall response rate was 83%, with complete responses (confirmed [CR] and unconfirmed [CRu]) of 47%. Median follow-up time is currently 36.5 months (range: 7.5-54.9+ months). Median duration of response was 11.5 months (range: 1.0-53.9 months), median time to progression was 9.4 months (range: 1.7-54.8+ months), and median time to next lymphoma therapy was 14.6 months (range: 2.3-54.9 months). Median overall survival time has not yet been reached. Long-term responses, defined as time to progression of 12 months or greater, have been seen in 14 of 30 patients (47%) overall, and 12 of 14 CR/CRu patients (86%). Toxicities were primarily hematologic and reversible. No additional long-term adverse events have been observed in the follow-up period, and treatment did not preclude subsequent lymphoma therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Oxidative damage to mitochondrial complex I due to peroxynitrite: identification of reactive tyrosines by mass spectrometry.

There is growing evidence that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species within mitochondria as unwanted byproducts that can damage OXPHOS enzymes with subsequent enhancement of free radical production. The accumulation of this oxidative damage to mitochondria in brain is thought to lead to neuronal cell death resulting in neurodegeneration. The predominant reactive nitrogen species in mitochondria are nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Here we show that peroxynitrite reacts with mitochondrial membranes from bovine heart to significantly inhibit the activities of complexes I, II, and V (50-80%) but with less effect upon complex IV and no significant inhibition of complex III. Because inhibition of complex I activity has been a reported feature of Parkinson's disease, we undertook a detailed analysis of peroxynitrite-induced modifications to proteins from an enriched complex I preparation. Immunological and mass spectrometric approaches coupled with two-dimensional PAGE have been used to show that peroxynitrite modification resulting in a 3-nitrotyrosine signature is predominantly associated with the complex I subunits, 49-kDa subunit (NDUFS2), TYKY (NDUFS8), B17.2 (17.2-kDa differentiation associated protein), B15 (NDUFB4), and B14 (NDUFA6). Nitration sites and estimates of modification yields were deduced from MS/MS fragmentograms and extracted ion chromatograms, respectively, for the last three of these subunits as well as for two co-purifying proteins, the beta and the d subunits of the F1F0-ATP synthase. Subunits B15 (NDUFB4) and B14 (NDUFA6) contained the highest degree of nitration. The most reactive site in subunit B14 was Tyr122, while the most reactive region in B15 contained 3 closely spaced tyrosines Tyr46, Tyr50, and Tyr51. In addition, a site of oxidation of tryptophan was detected in subunit B17.2 adding to the number of post-translationally modified tryptophans we have detected in complex I subunits (Taylor, S. W., Fahy, E., Murray, J., Capaldi, R. A., and Ghosh, S. S. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 19587-19590). These sites of oxidation and nitration may be useful biomarkers for assessing oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders.

Amino Acid Sequence↗