Biomedical subjects

Jarle Eid

Publications and source records attributed to Jarle Eid.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Dissociation, hardiness, and performance in military cadets participating in survival training.

The present study examined the relationship between peritraumatic dissociation, hardiness, and military performance in Norwegian Navy officer cadets (N = 80) after a simulated prisoner of war (POW) exercise. The cadets reported symptoms of peritraumatic amnesia, depersonalization, and derealization in response to a mild stress experience (time point 1) and exhibited a significant increase in such symptoms when subsequently exposed to a highly stressful experience of being placed in a mock POW camp (time point 2). Symptoms of peritraumatic dissociation were significantly and negatively related to performance, and predicted between 16 and 26% of the variance between subjects. A subscale of the personality hardiness measure (i.e., the subdimension of challenge) was negatively associated with peritraumatic dissociation in response to both the mild stress situation and the more stressful POW exercise in study subjects. Hardiness was not significantly associated with military performance scores. The present data indicate that individual differences in attribution style and in a propensity to dissociate significantly affect military performance during exposure to high stress situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Trauma narratives and emotional processing.

The present study examined the relations between indicators of emotional processing (e.g. trauma narratives), posttraumatic stress symptoms, and psychological distress in two military samples (N = 120) exposed to significant training accidents. Trauma narratives were collected at 2-3 weeks, while outcome measures (e.g. IES-15, PTSS-10, and GHQ-30) were collected at 2-3 weeks, and 4 months after the accidents. Emotional processing was indexed by the content of positive and negative emotional expressions in the trauma narratives. The results showed that positive emotional expressions were associated with lower levels of psychological distress, whereas negative emotional expressions were linked to trauma specific symptoms and psychological distress at 2-3 weeks. Negative emotional expressions explained between 6-8% of the variance in trauma specific symptoms at 2-3 weeks, and 11% of the variance in psychological distress symptoms at 4 months after the traumatic event.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Dispositional optimism and self-assessed situation awareness in a Norwegian military training exercise.

The current study examined the relationship between dispositional optimism and situation awareness. A sample of 77 Royal Norwegian Naval Academy and 57 Royal Norwegian Army Academy cadets were administered the Life Orientation Test prior to participating in a field-training exercise involving a series of challenging missions. Following an infantry mission component of the exercise, situation awareness was measured using the Mission Awareness Rating Scale (MARS), a self-assessment tool. The analysis indicated that dispositional optimism correlated negatively with situation awareness under these conditions. The role of intrapersonal variables in mediating situation awareness and decision-making in stressful situations is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Sleep deprivation and hemispheric asymmetry for facial recognition reaction time and accuracy.

We investigated the processing of emotional stimuli during a non-sleep-deprived state and following sleep deprivation in 36 right-handed men. Using the visual half-field technique, cartoon line drawings of emotional facial expressions were flashed on a computer screen for 250 msec. The participants were instructed to remember the content of the picture seen and to recognize it among nine alternatives shown immediately after the display of a single picture. Compared to the nondeprived condition, response latencies increased and accuracy decreased in sleep deprivation. Moreover, response latencies indicated that the performance of the right hemisphere deteriorated more following sleep deprivation than did the performance of the left hemisphere. The results also showed that hemispheric preference (for response latencies and response accuracy) tended to favour the left hemisphere when the participants were tested during sleep deprivation.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Stress and coping in a week-long disabled submarine exercise.

BACKGROUND: Emotional stress could impair cognitive performance and decision-making in the initial period within a disabled submarine (SUBSUNK). The aim of the present study was to explore stress reactions over time in submarine crewmembers exposed to a simulated SUBSUNK trial. METHODS: There were 18 Norwegian sailors who were confined within the front section of a conventional diesel-electric submarine for 6 d 18 h complying with emergency SUBSUNK procedures. Self-reported measures of habitual coping and personality hardiness were completed before the simulation, and measures of emotional stress symptoms and quality of life were assessed daily during the exercise and at 2 wk after the exercise. RESULTS: A repeated measures analysis of variance showed that emotional stress symptoms declined [F (6,14) = 2.76, p < 0.05], while quality of life improved over time [F (6,14) = 4.00, p < 0.01] from the first day compared with subsequent days of the experiment. Personality hardiness was negatively associated with emotional stress (r = -0.52) and lower quality of life (r = -0.47), while avoidant coping was positively associated with lower quality of life (r = 0.53) in the first 24 h of the SUBSUNK situation (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the level of emotional stress was highest in the first 24-h period, and that the level of distress was related to scores on personality hardiness and personality traits. These data have possible implications for selection and healthcare of personnel, and also suggest that crews will benefit from external help especially in the first 24 h of emergency response techniques.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

The effect of sensitization and coping style on post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life: two longitudinal studies.

The present study investigated the effects of multiple trauma exposure and coping style on post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life. It was hypothesized that sensitization would occur in subjects repeatedly exposed to life-threatening situations (study 1), and different coping styles would act as a resilience or facilitating factor in symptom development (study 2). The results showed that the single-exposure group revealed a decrease in trauma specific stress reactions from three weeks to four months, with a persistent reduction at 12-month follow-up, while the repeated-exposure group showed an increase in symptom reporting over the 12-month period. The same pattern emerged for perceived quality of life-measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). The second study revealed a correlation between scores on avoidant-focused coping style and the Impact of Event Scale-avoidance dimension, Post-traumatic Symptom Scale and GHQ-30. Furthermore, only subjects with a dominant coping style of emotion-focused or task-focused coping showed a reduction in trauma-specific symptom scores over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Dichotic listening and sleep deprivation: vigilance effects.

Twelve sleep-deprived and 13 non-deprived Navy cadets were tested with the dichotic listening procedure for effects of sleep deprivation on hemispheric asymmetry and sustained attention. Consonant-vowel syllables were presented to the subjects in three different conditions, a divided (non-forced) attention condition, a forced right ear and a forced left ear attention condition. In the two forced attention conditions the subjects were instructed to focus attention only on the right or left ear stimulus. The results showed an expected right ear advantage for both groups during the non-forced and forced right attention conditions, indicating superior left hemisphere processing. During the forced left attention condition, the sleep-deprived subjects showed no ear advantage at all, while the non-deprived subjects showed an expected left ear advantage. The results are discussed within a theoretical framework of a dual process model, where sleep deprivation disrupts the ability to sustain attention, caused by a temporary failure of the right hemisphere's top-down (instruction-driven) processing to override the left hemisphere's bottom-up (stimulus-driven) processing.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Acute stress reactions after submarine accidents.

The aim of the present study was to explore contextual and individual factors associated with acute stress reactions in three Norwegian submarine crews exposed to different significant peacetime maneuver accidents. Approximately 2 to 3 weeks after the accidents, crew members completed the Coping Style Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale. Although exposed subjects (N = 47) revealed more posttraumatic stress symptoms than nonexposed crew members on shore leave (N = 7), they showed less acute stress reactions than survivors from a surface ship accident in the Norwegian Navy. Inspection of individual cases revealed that 4% of the exposed submariners showed high loads of acute stress symptoms. Unit cohesion and habitual coping styles emerged as resilience factors, whereas previous exposure to critical incidents and personal experience of not coping in the accident situation emerged as vulnerability factors, explaining 32% of the acute stress reactions reported by submarine crew members.

Accidents, Occupational↗