Biomedical subjects

Jarosław Wysocki

Publications and source records attributed to Jarosław Wysocki.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Topographical anatomy of the guinea pig temporal bone.

Systematic anatomical description of the various structures of the temporal bone have been performed based on dissection of 16 guinea pigs (32 temporal bones). It has been found that besides two main air spaces in the middle ear, the tympanic bulla and dorsal bulla described in literature, there are also additional air cells in the mastoid process and facial nerve region in the temporal bone of a guinea pig. Moreover recesses were found in the walls of the tympanic bulla that formed almost completely separated partitions of tympanic cavity. The malleus head, the body of the incus and the superior and lateral semicircular canals as well as the facial nerve are easily accessible from the dorsal bulla. From the ventral tympanic bulla, one can access both windows and the cochlea. The semicircular canals are relatively large, the lateral canal is largest and the posterior the smallest. The cochlea has thin bony wall, and is composed of 3.5-3.75 turns.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Cadaveric dissections based on observations of injuries to the temporal bone structures following head trauma.

One hundred temporal bones obtained from forensic autopsies were dissected to expose injured structures. Longitudinal fractures were present in 82%, transverse fractures in 11%, and mixed fractures in 7% of the cases. Facial canal injuries were present in almost half of the bones with longitudinal fractures (36/82), although cuts of the facial nerve stem were rarely encountered. Damages to the facial canal associated with longitudinal fractures were most frequently seen in the region of the geniculum. However, transverse fractures with facial canal involvement (7/11) most frequently occurred in the labyrinthine portion, causing a complete cut of the facial nerve. Injuries to the jugular bulb were also common (21/100) and associated with all types of temporal bone fractures. Observed damages to the auditory ossicles included disconnection of their joints or fractures of the malleus or stapes. Fractures of the incus were not observed. Injuries to the carotid canal were common (52/100), although an injury to the arterial wall was observed in only one specimen. The frequency and nature of damage in temporal bone fractures strictly reflect the type of fracture, especially in terms of facial nerve disorders: the most serious damage is observed with fractures that involve the otic capsule.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Measurements of selected parameters of the guinea pig temporal bone.

On the basis of dissections of 32 temporal bones of the guinea pig, measurements were taken of selected size parameters of the temporal bone. The measurements performed included external and internal size parameters of the bone. Among these were the following: the length, width and height of the external and internal auditory meatus, the length of the incudomallear complex, the height of the attic, the full length and height of the tympanic cavity and the parameters characterising the localisation of the external orifice of the facial nerve. The semicircular canals are relatively large, the lateral canal being the largest and the posterior the smallest. The length of the spiral canal of the cochlea does not exceed 16 mm. It is worth noting that both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani only exceed 1 mm in the basal turn, decreasing significantly in the further turns to as little as decimal parts of a millimetre. This should be taken into account during all tests which require the introduction of examining instruments into the cochlear scala.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The morphology and morphometry of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone.

The greater wing of the human sphenoid bone is pierced by several foramina, which contain, as a main element, the venous anastomoses between the interior of the skull and the extracranial veins. Since data concerning these foramina are scarce in the literature, studies comprising the frequency of occurrence and morphology of the foramina of the greater wing of the human sphenoid bone were undertaken on 100 macerated skulls. We found that the foramen ovale is divided into 2 or 3 components in 4.5% of cases. Moreover, the borders of the foramen ovale in some skulls were irregular and rough. This may suggest, on radiological images, the presence of morbid changes, which might be the sole anatomical variation. Concurrent with the foramen ovale are accessory foramina. The foramen of Vesalius and the cavernous foramen were present in 17% and 33% of cases, respectively. The foramen of Vesalius was always single and the cavernous foramen also occurred in multiple form. The foramen spinosus and the foramen rotundum occurred as permanent elements of the skulls studied. The mean area of the foramina measured, excluding the foramen ovale, was not considerable, which may suggest that they play a minor role in the dynamics of blood circulation in the venous system of the head.

Female↗

PubMed2004

The morphology of the hypoglossal canal and its size in relation to skull capacity in man and other mammal species.

The hypoglossal canal is a permanent element of the human skull. As well as the hypoglossal nerve, the canal also contains the venous plexus and an arterial branch leading to the dura mater. It emerged from our earlier studies that the venous plexus is a dominant component in this canal. In the present work the morphology and dimensions of the canal were studied on macerated skulls of humans and animals (rhesus monkey, European bison, fox, dog, cat, hare and rat). The hypoglossal canal was found in all the human and animal skulls examined. In both humans and animals the hypoglossal canal was frequently duplicated. The double canal was found in 43% specimens of human skulls. However, no triple division of the hypoglossal canal was found in the material under investigation. It was found that the hypoglossal canal in man, rhesus monkey and European bison had significant dimensions and in fact correlated with the size of skull capacity. This suggests that the hypoglossal canal is an essential venous emissary in man, rhesus monkey and European bison, but that in the remaining species it is of secondary importance in this respect.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Sinus tympani in surgery of the middle ear and skull base].

Tympanic sinus is located at the medial wall of the tympanic cavity. It's visualisation is difficult from most of approaches. Tympanic sinus is often filled with cholesteatoma in course of chronic otitis. Intraoperative assessment of tympanic sinus was performed in 29 patients with facial recess cholesteatoma, and in 20 patients with acoustic neuroma operated with translabyrinthine approach. In the group of patients with cholesteatoma four patients underwent canal wall up tympanoplasty with posterior tympanotomy, 25 underwent canal wall down tympanoplasty. Tympanic sinus was assessed during surgery with 30 degrees endoscope. In all cases depth of the sinus was measured with the use of calibrated hook. In 11 patients depth of the sinus exceeded 4 mm. In 6 among these features of bone destruction was found.

Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear↗

PubMed2003

[Anatomy of sinus tympani].

30 temporal bones from adult cadavers of both sexes were examined. After the tympanic sinus was identified, its morphologic features were evaluated. Minimum distance from adjacent structures: lateral and posterior semicircular canal, facial nerve canal and jugular fossa were taken. Measurements were taken under operative microscope with eye-piece graduation of 0.05 mm accuracy. Four main morphologic types of entrance to the sinus and two main developmental forms--deep and shallow sinus were distinguished. Deep sinus coexisted with absence of bridge and conversely if bridge was seen sinus was shallow. Deep sinuses were located close to the facial canal, in some cases penetrating around the canal up to 2/3 of canal's circumference. This anatomical variation increase the risk of the facial nerve damage during the surgery. In most of cases tympanic sinus is oval in shape. It's long diameter lies in vertical plane. The mean distance between the sinus and adjacent structures were as following: facial nerve canal--1.5 mm, lateral semicircular canal--2.1 mm, posterior semicircular canal--1.59 mm, jugular fossa--5.5 mm. No differences dependent from gender and side were found.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The morphology and morphometry of the so-called "meningo-orbital foramen" in humans.

The so-called meningo-orbital foramen creates an additional link between the orbit and the cranial cavity. This bony canal, not always present in the human skull, contains a branch from the middle meningeal artery, providing an accessory blood supply to the orbit. This vessel, like the foramen, is characterised by great variability. Although older textbooks of basic anatomy suggested that it was a rare occurrence, some current data indicate a more frequent incidence of this foramen. These discrepancies were verified in our research. 92 orbits were studied on 46 macerated human skulls (25 male and 21 female). Although the incidence of the meningo-orbital foramen in the material as a whole was 28%, the foramen in female skulls was observed to be 40.5%, compared to 18% in male skulls. This difference was statistically significant. A double foramen was encountered in three orbits, and in one orbit there was a triple foramen. This means that in the material as a whole multiple foramina were observed in 4% of cases. Two measurements were taken to determine the localisation of the meningo- orbital foramen. The minimal distance between the supraorbital notch (or foramen) and the meningo-orbital foramen was 35.0 (28-44) mm. The minimal distance from the cross-point of the entrance to the orbit and the fronto-zygomatic suture was (21.3-35.5) mm. This indicates that the meningo-orbital foramen can lie near an operating field in some surgical interventions through the lateral orbital wall.

Female↗

PubMed2003

Anatomical variants of the cervical vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra in man.

Anatomical variants of the cervical part of the human spine were investigated. Morphological variants were studied on 100 cervical vertebrae (37 female and 63 male). The greatest variability was demonstrated by the first cervical vertebra or atlas. The presence of some accessory bony arches embracing the vertebral artery was observed, namely the posterior bridge restraining the arcuate foramen (13.8%) and the lateral bridge restraining the transversovertical foramen (2%). Split posterior (3%) or anterior (1%) arches of the atlas were also encountered in this material. The superior articular face of the atlas divided into two parts was found in 47.8%. Variants of the remaining cervical vertebrae were limited only to the presence of a division of the transverse process foramina or their incomplete closure. Some of these anatomical variants may be a cause of certain clinical symptoms which have previously been described in the literature.

Cervical Vertebrae↗

PubMed2002

Minimal distances between temporal bone structures and their mutual correlations.

BACKGROUND: The minimal distances between basic temporal bone structures limit the operating field in ear surgery. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements on the minimal distances between key structures of the temporal bone and to investigate possible correlations between given structures. MATERIAL/METHODS: The author removed 100 temporal bones from subjects of both sexes, across a range of age groups and from both sides of the body. Minimal distances were measured between the following structures: the lateral semicircular canal (SC), the tympanic ring (TR), the hard meninges of the middle cranial fossa (HM), the facial nerve (FN), the upper bulb of the internal jugular vein (JB) and the internal carotid artery (CA), collected in the appropriate pairs. The samples were measured using an operating microscope equipped with a graduated eyepiece. RESULTS: The results are presented in various categories according to age, sex, and side of the body. Five pairs of distances were found to be significantly shorter in younger children (group I) than in older children and adults (group II). CONCLUSIONS: Ear surgery in younger children demands much more care than in older children and adults, especially regarding situations when the jugular bulb is in the operating field.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Morphology of the temporal canal and postglenoid foramen with reference to the size of the jugular foramen in man and selected species of animals.

The jugular foramen and postglenoid foramen are the main venous foramina of the skull of placental mammals. Their mutual relations are closely related to the development of the internal and external jugular vein, depending on the given kind. On the basis of measuring studies, it was decided to investigate the relations of the size of these foramina and to quantitatively determine which of them prevails. The studies were performed with macerated human and animal skulls. Altogether 100 skulls of human adults of both sexes, 100 of macaccas, 67 of bisons, 25 of mongrel dogs, 37 of foxes and 25 of rats were examined. The jugular foramen was the outlet of the sigmoid sinus or its equivalents and the postglenoid foramen--the petrosquamous or temporal canal. The jugular foramen was always singular and characterised by a small variability in the morphology, consisting only in the occurrence of the internal division or its lack. The postglenoid foramen, on the other hand, in the majority of the studied kinds was variable and numerous. The number of foramina ranged from 1 in man to 7-10 in bisons. In the course of measurements, it was found that the area of the postglenoid foramen in relation to the area of the jugular foramen is 0.87% in man, 24% in macaccas, 30.7% in dogs, 34.4% in foxes, 53.9% in rats and 248.5% in bisons. The results obtained indicate that in bisons the system of venous sinuses, connected with the postglenoid foramina, has a decisive significance for the drainage of the cranial cavity. In contrast, the postglenoid foramen in man has a marginal significance. The remaining kinds, whose skulls have been investigated, occupy on that score an intermediate position.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Analysis of operating field area in transpyramidal retrolabyrinthine approach to posterior cranial fossa.

Retrolabyrinthine surgical access to the posterior and middle cranial fossa has a long history of use during the procedures aiming at the removal of small neo-plasmatic changes located in the area of the internal auditory tube. A precise knowledge of the anatomical alterations of the temporal bone in the aspect of the retrolabyrinthine access to the posterior cranial fossa determines a successful otoneurosurgical endoscopy, which involves a relatively narrow area. Forty-four cadaver temporal bones of both sexes were measured to obtain the dimensions of the surgical area limited by the sigmoid sinus, superior petrosal sinus and posterior labyrinth. The techniques of computer picture analysis were applied in the research. The mean value of the surface area of the figure limited by the sigmoid sinus, superior petrosal sinus and posterior semicircular canal was 175.9 mm2 with no significant differences between sexes and sides. The maximal measured value was 356 mm2, and the minimal was 84.3 mm2. The size of the surgical area is characterised by large deviation range but was always sufficient to insert the endoscopic device and standard otosurgical instruments.

Adolescent↗