Biomedical subjects

Jennifer H Madans

Publications and source records attributed to Jennifer H Madans.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease: the NHANES-I epidemiologic follow-up study.

PURPOSE: To examine the association of elevated counts of white blood cell types with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and death. METHODS: Data were examined from the NHANES-I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. RESULTS: Relative risks for death at ages 25 to 74 comparing the upper and lower tertiles of neutrophil count were: all causes 1.29 (95% CL, 1.14, 1.47), and cardiovascular causes 1.39 (95% CL, 1.15, 1.67) after adjusting for baseline risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of CHD and death from all causes and cardiovascular diseases appeared to be only partially due to effects of smoking. No association was seen for lymphocytes or monocytes.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Relation between region of residence in the United States and hypertension incidence--the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study.

A number of studies have found hypertension prevalence to be higher in the southeast region of the United States than in other U.S. regions. To test the hypotheses that hypertension incidence is higher in the southeast than in other regions, and that higher levels of known hypertension risk factors in the southeast explain the difference in incidence, data from a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of a sample drawn from the U.S. population, the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study (1971-1984), were analyzed. In the United States, age-adjusted relative odds of incident hypertension between 1971 and 1984 did not vary consistently with region or with urbanization level. There was only a trend of higher relative odds in nonmetropolitan areas than in suburbs in the southeast in younger white men and older white women. Thus, convincing evidence to support the hypothesis of elevated hypertension incidence in the southeast region or in nonmetropolitan areas was not obtained. Further studies of region and hypertension incidence are needed to assess regional variation in larger, more recent cohorts.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Bone mineral density and stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to assess the long-term predictive usefulness of bone mineral density (BMD) for stroke incidence and stroke mortality. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized civilians. A cohort of 3402 white and black subjects 45 through 74 years of age at baseline (1971 to 1975) was observed through 1992. Hospital records and death certificates were used to identify a total of 416 new stroke cases. RESULTS: Results were evaluated to determine the relative risk (RR) for stroke per 1-SD decrease in BMD, after controlling for age at baseline, smoking status, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, education, body mass index, recreational physical activity, and blood pressure medication. In Cox proportional-hazards analyses, incidence of stroke was not associated with a decrease in BMD in any of the 3 race-sex groups: white men (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.19; P=0.88), white women (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.38; P=0.21), or blacks (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.21; P=0.60). No association between BMD and stroke mortality was found (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.23; P=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: In a large national study, no significant associations of BMD and stroke incidence or mortality were found for whites or blacks.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Bone mineral density and mortality in women and men: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study.

PURPOSE: We sought to assess the long-term association of bone mineral density with total, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized civilians. A cohort aged 45 through 74 years at baseline (1971-1975) was observed through 1992. Subjects were followed for a maximum of 22 years. Included in the analyses were 3501 white and black subjects. Death certificates were used to identify a total of 1530 deaths. RESULTS: Results were evaluated to determine the relative risk for death per 1 SD lower bone mineral density, after controlling for age at baseline, smoking status, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, history of heart disease, education, body mass index, recreational physical activity, and blood pressure medication. Bone mineral density showed a significant inverse relationship to mortality in white men and blacks, but did not reach significance in white women. Based on 1 SD lower bone mineral density, the relative risk for white men was 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.26, p<.01), while for white women the relative risk was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23, p=.07), and in blacks the relative risk was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.05-1.42, p<.01). Bone mineral density was also associated with non-cardiovascular mortality in all three race-gender groups. An association between bone mineral density and cardiovascular mortality was found only in white men. CONCLUSIONS: Bone mineral density is a significant predictor of death from all causes (white men, blacks), cardiovascular (white men only) and other causes combined, in whites and blacks.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

United States Census 2000 population with bridged race categories.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this report are to document the methods developed at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to bridge the Census 2000 multiple-race resident population to single-race categories and to describe the resulting bridged race resident population estimates. METHOD: Data from the pooled 1997-2000 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) were used to develop models for bridging the Census 2000 multiple-race population to single-race categories. The bridging models included demographic and contextual covariates, some at the person-level and some at the county-level. Allocation probabilities were obtained from the regression models and applied to the Census Bureau's April 1, 2000, Modified Race Data Summary File population counts to assign multiple-race persons to single-race categories. RESULTS: Bridging has the most impact on the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) populations, a small impact on the Black population and a negligible impact on the White population. For the United States as a whole, the AIAN, API, Black, and White bridged population counts are 12.0, 5.0, 2.5, and 0.5 percent higher than the corresponding Census 2000 single-race counts. At the sub-national level, there is considerably more variation than observed at the national level. The bridged single-race population counts have been used to calculate birth and death rates produced by NCHS for 2000 and 2001 and to revise previously published rates for the 1990s, 2000, and 2001. The bridging methodology will be used to bridge postcensal population estimates for later years. The bridged population counts presented here and in subsequent years may be updated as additional data become available for use in the bridging process.

Censuses↗

PubMed2002

The correspondence between interracial births and multiple-race reporting.

OBJECTIVES: Race-specific health statistics are routinely reported in scientific publications; most describe health disparities across groups. Census 2000 showed that 2.4% of the US population identifies with more than 1 race group. We examined the hypothesis that multiple-race reporting is associated with interracial births by comparing parental race reported on birth certificates with reported race in a national health survey. METHODS: US natality data from 1968 through 1998 and National Health Interview Survey data from 1990 through 1998 were compared, by year of birth. RESULTS: Overall multiple-race survey responses correspond to expectations from interracial births. However, there are discrepancies for specific multiple-race combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Projected estimates of the multiple-race population can be only partially informed by vital records.

Birth Certificates↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bridging between two standards for collecting information on race and ethnicity: an application to Census 2000 and vital rates.

OBJECTIVES: The 2000 Census, which provides denominators used in calculating vital statistics and other rates, allowed multiple-race responses. Many other data systems that provide numerators used in calculating rates collect only single-race data. Bridging is needed to make the numerators and denominators comparable. This report describes and evaluates the method used by the National Center for Health Statistics to bridge multiple-race responses obtained from Census 2000 to single-race categories, creating single-race population estimates that are available to the public. METHODS: The authors fitted logistic regression models to multiple-race data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 1997-2000. These fitted models, and two bridging methods previously suggested by the Office of Management and Budget, were applied to the public-use Census Modified Race Data Summary file to create single-race population estimates for the U.S. The authors also compared death rates for single-race groups calculated using these three approaches. RESULTS: Parameter estimates differed between the NHIS models for the multiple-race groups. For example, as the percentage of multiple-race respondents in a county increased, the likelihood of stating black as a primary race increased among black/white respondents but decreased among American Indian or Alaska Native/black respondents. The inclusion of county-level contextual variables in the regression models as well as the underlying demographic differences across states led to variation in allocation percentages; for example, the allocation of black/white respondents to single-race white ranged from nearly zero to more than 50% across states. Death rates calculated using bridging via the NHIS models were similar to those calculated using other methods, except for the American Indian/Alaska Native group, which included a large proportion of multiple-race reporters. CONCLUSION: Many data systems do not currently allow multiple-race reporting. When such data systems are used with Census counts to produce race-specific rates, bridging methods that incorporate geographic and demographic factors may lead to better rates than methods that do not consider such factors.

Adolescent↗