Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Jia Qu.
Animal model plays an important role in myopia research. However discrepancy and deputed have been existed in animal model making, including animal selection, myopia inducing methods. The model selection can not only determine the success of experiments but also impact the accuracy of study outcome. Here are summaries and comments round disputed issues which are hoped to be useful for animal myopia researches.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors-1 (mAChRs-1) in human sclera in order to determine whether the sclera is a potential site of action for mAChR antagonists. METHODS: Cell lines of human scleral fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle's Medium. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of M1 receptors in the fibroblasts. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect proteins of mAChRs in the cell lines. Immunohistochemical study was used to further detect the presence of M1 receptor in the frozen scleral sections. RESULTS: The cultured fibroblasts demonstrated mRNA expression of M1 receptor in RT-PCR. Protein of the M1 was present in the fibroblasts by examination of immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry staining. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the presence of M1 receptor in human scleral fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. This finding indicates that the sclera is a potential site of action for the currently used mAChR antagonists in prevention of human myopia.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of microkeratome-assisted lamellar keratoplasty (MLK) for the treatment of recurrent granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) after phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). METHODS: We performed a prospective study of nine eyes (seven patients) with recurrent granular dystrophy after PTK. A microkeratome was used to cut partial-thickness sections through the anterior surface of the donor and host corneas. The donor disc was placed on the recipient bed with four or eight interrupted sutures. The stitches were removed between 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Visual acuity (VA), corneal clarity, corneal thickness, and corneal topography were assessed before and at different time points after surgery. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of (18.9 +/- 4.1) months, all grafts were transparent without visible opacity at the interface, and no serious complications occurred. The VA was improved in all cases. seven eyes had best corrected visual acuity with spectacles of 20/40 or better, two eyes reached 20/25. At the last follow-up visit more than 12 months postoperatively, the mean corneal refractive power increased significantly by (2.34 +/- 0.93) D (P < 0.01), and the corneal astigmatism significantly decreased by (0.91 +/- 0.98) D (P < 0.05). The mean corneal thickness was (477.4 +/- 26.9) microm preoperatively and (507.8 +/- 23.4) microm at the last follow-up visit (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that MLK for the treatment of recurrent GCD is a safe and easy-to-perform method for restoring VA.
OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of the modified osteotomy of transcranial orbitotomy in the treatment of intraorbital tumor. METHODS: We treated 8 patients with intraorbital tumor during six years. By the bicoronary incision, all cases underwent double bone flap osteotomy on the frontal bone: the superior orbital rim bone flap and roof flap instead of single fronto-orbital bone flap in the conventional transcranial orbitotomy. After removal of bone flaps, intracranial and intraorbital operation was performed. Then, two bone flaps were reduced respectively and fixated with titanic micro-plates and nails. At last, the scalp flap was sutured. RESULTS: The operative field was very well exposed. It was found that the retrobulbar tumor was located at the superolateral, median and superonasal area respectively, which was coincided with the preoperative CT and MRI. The tumor included adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland, neurinoma, meningioma, and cavernous hemangioma. Four patients had blood transfusion during the operation. No other postoperative complications happened except 3 cases of diplopia and one case of blindness. After 3 to 6 months follow up, diplopia of the 3 cases gradually disappeared. Of the 8 cases, 6 reached the same visual acuity as the preoperative state. One decreased visual acuity and one lost light perception. There was well-balanced fronto-orbital appearance and eyeball position compared with the healthy side in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: This surgical method for the treatment of intraorbital tumor is safe with well-exposed operative field. It has advantages not only in simpleness and less trauma, but also in keeping orbital roof and anterior fossa intact and decreasing complications.
The embryonic and fetal development of the nuclear components and pathways of vagal sensorimotor circuits in the human has been studied using Nissl staining and carbocyanine dye tracing techniques. Eight fetal brains ranging from 8 to 28 weeks of development had DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3' tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) inserted into either the thoracic vagus nerve at the level of the sternal angle (two specimens of 8 and 9 weeks of gestation) or into vagal rootlets at the surface of the medulla (at all other ages), while a further five were used for study of cytoarchitectural development. The first central labeling resulting from peripheral application of DiI to the thoracic vagus nerve was seen at 8 weeks. By 9 weeks, labeled bipolar cells at the ventricular surface around the sulcus limitans (sl) were seen after DiI application to the thoracic vagus nerve. Subnuclear organization as revealed by both Nissl staining and carbocyanine dye tracing was found to be advanced at a relatively early fetal age, with afferent segregation in the medial Sol apparent at 13 weeks and subnuclear organization of efferent magnocellular divisions of dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve noticeable at the same stage. The results of the present study also confirm that vagal afferents are distributed to the dorsomedial subnuclei of the human nucleus of the solitary tract, with particular concentrations of afferent axons in the gelatinosus subnucleus. These vagal afferents appeared to have a restricted zone of termination from quite early in development (13 weeks) suggesting that there is no initial exuberance in the termination field of vagal afferents in the developing human nucleus of the solitary tract. On the other hand, the first suggestion of afferents invading 10N from the medial Sol was not seen until 20 weeks and was not well developed until 24 weeks, suggesting that direct monosynaptic connections between the sensory and effector components of the vagal sensorimotor complex do not develop until this age.
OBJECTIVE: To establish cell lines of Mongolian uveal melanocytes from adult donor eyes, and to study melanogenesis of these cells in vitro. METHODS: After removal of pigment epithelium, UM were isolated by trypsin-collagenase digestion. Isolated cells were cultured with F12 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, isobutylmethylxanthine and cholera toxin. Melanin content was measured by spectrophotometer. Melanin production was calculated by a formula. The antibodies used in immunocytochemical studies were anti-cytokeratin and anti-S-100 antibodies. RESULT: Pure melanocytes cultures were obtained by this method. All of the cells in the cultures stained positively with antibodies to S-100, but not cytokeratin, indicating that they were pure culture of UM. In the growing UM, melanin content was (79.83 +/- 36.20) pg/cell (mean +/- SD). Melanin production was (11.44 +/- 5.77) pg per cell/24 h. CONCLUSION: Uveal melanocytes from Mongolian eyes are successfully cultured. Cultured uveal melanocytes can synthesize melanin in vitro. Melanin content and melanin production of Mongolian UM lie between those from black and Caucasian eyes.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of sutureless lamellar keratoplasty by microkeratome combined with fibrin tissue adhesive. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups, the donor grafts and recipient beds were made by the microkeratome, the grafts were glued over the stoma bed using the commercial product Tisseel in one group; and grafts without tissue adhesive were used as the control group. Corneal refractive power was measured by automated keratometer preoperatively and in 3 days, 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Rejection and cornea transparency were observed. Confocal microscopy was used to observe corneal wound healing response and to measure the keratocyte and endothelium densities in vivo. Corneal wound healing was also evaluated using light and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent (11/12 eyes) of the glued grafts were retained in the Tisseel group, whereas all grafts were lost in the control group. All survived grafts were clear 1 month after surgery. However, in the control group, severe haze in the grafts occurred 2 weeks postoperatively. Confocal microscopy showed that there was a significant decrease of the keratocyte density surrounding the lenticule-host interface, and no changes occurred in the posterior keratocyte and endothelium. Histopathologic observations demonstrated the presence of a line of amorphous eosinophilic substance in the lenticule-host interface at 3 days after surgery, but the line disappeared after 1 month. Fluorescence microscopy showed no detectable regenerated stromal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: This initial study demonstrates sutureless optical lamellar keratoplasty performed by microkeratome combined with fibrin tissue adhesive is a simple and safe technique. Stromal wound healing response to this surgery is minimal. Fibrin tissue adhesive has no influence on the cornea optical property.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the corneal topography and monochromatic wavefront aberration among subjects using orthokeratology. Changes of ocular optical quality and related visual functions induced by corneal topography were studied. METHODS: Twenty-five young myopic subjects (50 eyes) were recruited with myopia from -1.75 approximately -4.75 D. Orthokeratology lens were fitted at the initial visit with overnight wear program. Subjective refraction, corrective visual acuity, corneal topography and slit lamp examination were performed before and 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after the fitting of orthokeratology lens. The monochromic wavefront aberration was measured in initial visit and after 12 weeks. RESULT: The best corrected visual acuity was reduced significantly from (-0.0628 +/- 0.0286) LogMAR (before orthokeratology) to -0.0120 +/- 0.0318 (12 weeks after orthokeratology) (F = 17.821, P < 0.001). Root-mean-square (RMS) of wavefront aberration increased significantly from (0.5766 +/- 0.4771) micro m (before orthokeratology) to (1.3731 +/- 0.8039) micro m (12 weeks after orthokeratology) (F = 36.513, P < 0.001). RMS of Zernike function of each order was increased as well. The rate of eccentric in posterior surface of corneal increased significantly after the using of orthokeratology lens. CONCLUSIONS: Orthokeratology is one of the effective methods for reducing myopia temporarily. However, the best corrected visual acuity is decreased after using of orthokeratology. The increase of aberration induced by orthokeratology can be the cause of reduction of ocular optical quality.
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to assess the difference of these ocular motor parameters in myopia onset and development were explored. METHODS: 31 emmetropia and 46 myopia adult subjects were included in this study. The myopia subjects were divided into three groups as mild myopia, moderate myopia and high myopia. Phoria at distance and near, positive and negative relative accommodation (NRA/PRA) were measured. Accommodative convergence and accommodation stimulus ratio (AC/A) was determined through phoria values' calculation. RESULTS: Calculated AC/A of myopia was higher than that of emmetropia, and there were trends of elevated AC/A with myopia power increasing. There was significant difference in phoria in near between the myopia group and emmetropia group, but none in that of distance. There was no significant difference in NRA. However, PRA of myopia was lower than that of the emmetropia (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular motor parameters are different in myopia eyes. AC/A is one of key parameters among them, and AC/A is increased in myopia, which indicates out of focus of retinal image in the developing myopia.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of contact lenses on the optical performance of the eye by measuring wavefront aberrations for the eyes with or without contact lenses. METHOD: A sensitive aberrometer was used to measure wavefront aberrations for 54 eyes in 27 subjects for three conditions: with no contact lens (non-CL), with soft-contact lenses (soft-CL) and with rigid gas permeable contact lenses (RGP-CL). The root mean square (RMS) value of the wavefront aberrations and Zernike aberrations were calculated. RESULTS: A change in the RMS values of wavefront aberrations with CL wear was observed for every eye. The change in wavefront aberrations with CL wearing was found to vary substantially from individual to individual. Relative to the mean RMS value of the group for the non-CL condition, the mean RMS value was increased for the soft-CL condition and was significantly reduced for the RGP-CL condition. A significant increase in mean RMS for the soft-CL condition was found when astigmatisms were removed. Although soft-CL wearing resulted in significant increases in higher orders of Zernike aberrations (fourth, fifth, and higher), the RGP-CL condition led to a significant decrease in second-order Zernike aberrations. For the eyes with low wavefront aberrations in the non-CL condition, either soft-CL wearing or RGP-CL wearing results in increases in the RMS values. CONCLUSION: Contact lens wearing, either with soft lenses or the RGP lenses, causes changes in the wavefront aberrations of the eye. The changes in wavefront aberrations vary substantially from eye to eye. Although soft-CL wearing tends to induce more higher-order aberrations, RGP-CL effectively reduces the astigmatisms. Both soft-CL and RGP-CL induce more aberrations for the eyes that have low wavefront aberrations. The change in wavefront aberrations due to contact lens wearing may explain the changes in visual performance for contact lens wearers reported previously.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of optical lamellar keratoplasty assisted by homemade-microkeratome in treating corneal opacification for optical indications. METHODS: In 12 eyes of 11 patients with corneal opacities and healthy endothelium, the homemade-microkeratome was used for the resection of corneal opacities whose depth measured by optical pachymeter preoperatively, and the donor disc was excised by the same technique. After the resection of corneal opacities, the residual bed thickness was measured by ultrasonopachymeter. The disparities in thickness and diameter between the bed and the donor disc were reduced as least as possible by the use of different suction rings and microkeratome heads. The donor disc was secured with four or eight interrupted sutures. The period of follow-up ranged from 7 to 14 months. The transparency of cornea, donor-host interface and the refractive changes after surgery were examined by slit-lamp microscopy and Keratron videokeratoscope. RESULTS: The slit-lamp microscopic examination showed no severe complications after surgery, all grafts appeared to be transparent without recognizable opacity in the interface except 1 eye with epithelial ingrowth and local graft melting subsequently. Visual acuities were improved in all eyes, 7 eyes had best corrected visual acuity better than 0.5 and 2 eyes reached 0.8. During the follow-up 3 to 6 months, the mean corneal refractive power significantly increased (2.36 +/- 1.25) D (P = 0.016), and the corneal astigmatism significantly decreased (0.97 +/- 0.95) D (P = 0.023) Compared with that before surgery, the increase of the corneal refractive power had negative correlation with the thickness of residual bed (r = -0.830, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This easy, safe new technique leads to good visual results and represents a good alternative to penetrating keratoplasty in treating corneal opacities.
OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to examine the visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) under three refractive correction methods, the visual performance and vision quality under different correction methods were compared and analyzed. METHODS: Twenty three college students with myopia (41 eyes, myopia range: -1.25 D approximately 9.25 D; astigmatism < 0.50 D) were enrolled and fully corrected by three different methods: 1) spectacles with resin lens material (SP); 2) soft contact lens (SCL); 3) rigid gas-permeable lens (RGP). The distant and near LogMar VA and CSF were examined. To avoid the subjective bias, the correction procedure was randomly selected and the VA chart and CSF chart used had the same pattern but different letters' organization or directions. RESULTS: The best corrected distant VA was significantly higher in RGP wearing eyes than those in the Soft-CL and SP wearing eyes (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). No statistically significant difference was detected between the SP and SCL wearing eyes. There was no significant difference in the near VA among these three conditions, although the near VA in RGP group was slightly better than that in the SCL condition. There was no significant difference in CSF value at low spatial frequencies (1.5 cpd and 3 cpd) among these three conditions. However, at middle and high spatial frequencies (6 cpd, 12 cpd and 18 cpd), the RGP curve was the highest and followed by the SCL and SP curves. CONCLUSION: RGP correction offers the best visual acuity quality for myopia subjects. The CSF assessment can be used as an indirect method to evaluate the quality of corrected retinal image.
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OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was performed to analyze the visual outcome and factors related to the visual outcome in cataract patients with extreme myopia, in order to provide a principle for intraocular lens (IOL) diopter chosen. METHODS: 43 cases were included in the present series (myopia over 10.00 D, axial length over 27.00 mm, with clear cornea and slight or moderate opacity of the lens). Distance and near visual acuity (NVA), best corrected visual acuity and the fundus were examined before and after the phacoemulsification and implantation of IOL. chi(2) test and stepwise regression analysis were used to identify the predictive factors. RESULTS: (1) Distance visual acuity, NVA and best corrected visual acuity were markedly improved in most cases. (2) NVA and fundus pathologic changes were two important factors for predicting post-operative visual acuity. (3) The prognosis was better in cases with NVA better than 20/200, and in cases with axial length below 29.00 mm. (4) Some cases with postoperative NVA worse than 20/80 complained of difficulty in reading. CONCLUSIONS: NVA is an important factor influencing the outcome of vision and is an important parameter for predicting the outcome of vision in cataract patients with extreme myopia. IOL diopter should be determined carefully by preoperative NVA and the patients' demand for near work.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibition of IL-6 antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) on IL-6 expression by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells on the basis of previous study. METHODS: Cultured human RPE cells was treated with IL-1 beta and IL-6 ASON. IL-6 mRNA and protein expression were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH). RESULTS: It was demonstrated that the IL-6 expression by RPE cells was dose and time dependent after the stimulation of IL-1 beta. IL-6 in the conditioned media or in the control group was 2.00 x 10(-6) g/L cells after the exposed to IL-1 beta for 8 hours. IL-6 ASON (2.00 x 10(-5) mol/L) obviously inhibited IL-6 (5.50 x 10(-7) g/L cells, t = 4.518, P < 0.01) production. Immunohistochemistry study showed dark blue staining in RPE cytoplasm after stimulation with IL-1 beta, while the cells treated with IL-6 ASON showed light staining in RPE cytoplasma. ISH displayed that there was a marked reduction in mRNA expression in IL-6 ASON treated group compared with that in the control group (t = 3.746, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Cultured RPE cells express IL-6 protein and mRNA in dose and time dependent manners when RPE cells are stimulated with IL-1 beta. The expressions of IL-6 protein and mRNA can be significantly inhibited by IL-6 ASON in cultured human RPE cells.
OBJECTIVE: To reveal the morphological features and dynamic processes of the development of inter-connections in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus (SC) and visual cortex (VC) in human fetal life by using a fluorescent tracer, 1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3', 3'-tetramethylin-docarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI). METHODS: DiI was embedded into the optic tract, brachium of superior colliculus and subplate of visual cortex in fixed postmortem human tissues of 7 fetuses. The tissue was incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 to 10 weeks (ws). After DiI had satisfactorily diffused via axons of the visual system, the tissue was sectioned, mounted and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS: In 12 week-fetus, retinogeniculate axon has already reached LGN, but there was no cellular lamination. After embedment, axons from retina arrived at SC, and the fibers were distributed along the dorsal part of the SC. At 12 and 22 ws, there were subplates under visual cortex. CONCLUSION: The retinogeniculate axon reaches LGN before 12 ws and forms cellular lamination after 12 ws. The axon from retina reaches SC before 12 ws. The subplate under visual cortex forms before 12 ws and disappears after 22 ws. DiI can be easily and effectively used to label the axon of visual system of human fetus to study the prenatal development of human visual pathway.
A vernier optometer, based on the Scheiner principle, that makes use of polarized light, is designed and developed. It is specialized in measurement of tonic accommodation, accommodation and accommodation response. The vernier optometer has been proved by chinical testing results, to be a reliable and effective instrument with fine stabilily, good repeatability and sensitivity for short sight study relating to oculogyral parameters.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in human sclera in order to determine whether the sclera is a potential site of action for mAChR antagonists. METHODS: Cell lines of human scleral fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco modified Ealge's medium. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis were used to detect mRNA expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the cell lines of the fibroblasts. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to detect proteins of mAChRs in the cell lines. Immunohistochemical study was used to further detect the presence of mAChR proteins in the frozen scleral sections. RESULTS: The cultured fibroblasts demonstrated mRNA expression of five mAChRs (m1 to m5) in RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. The molecular size of mRNA expression was largest for the m3 receptor, followed by the m2, m4, m5, and m1 in both RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Proteins of the m1 to m5 receptors were present in cell line fibroblasts under Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry with a range of molecular weight from 80 kDa (m5) to 60 kDa (m1) in Western blot analysis. The presence of these five receptors was also detected in scleral tissues with immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the presence of mAChR subtypes (m1 to m5) in human scleral fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. This finding indicates that the sclera is a potential site of action for the currently used mAChR antagonists in prevention of human myopia.