Biomedical subjects

Jian Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Jian Chen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Introducing glutathione biosynthetic capability into Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 improves the oxidative-stress resistance of the host.

This study describes how a metabolic engineering approach can be used to improve bacterial stress resistance. Some Lactococcus lactis strains are capable of taking up glutathione, and the imported glutathione protects this organism against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. L. lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000, a model organism of this species that is widely used in the study of metabolic engineering, can neither synthesize nor take up glutathione. The study described here aimed to improve the oxidative-stress resistance of strain NZ9000 by introducing a glutathione biosynthetic capability. We show that the glutathione produced by strain NZ9000 conferred stronger resistance on the host following exposure to H(2)O(2) (150 mM) and a superoxide generator, menadione (30 microM). To explore whether glutathione can complement the existing oxidative-stress defense systems, we constructed a superoxide dismutase deficient mutant of strain NZ9000, designated as NZ4504, which is more sensitive to oxidative stress, and introduced the glutathione biosynthetic capability into this strain. Glutathione produced by strain NZ4504(pNZ3203) significantly shortens the lag phase of the host when grown aerobically, especially in the presence of menadione. In addition, cells of NZ4504(pNZ3203) capable of producing glutathione restored the resistance of the host to H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress, back to the wild-type level. We conclude that the resistance of L. lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 to oxidative stress can be increased in engineered cells with glutathione producing capability.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2006

Hydrodynamic tweezers: 1. Noncontact trapping of single cells using steady streaming microeddies.

A key need for dynamic single-cell measurements is the ability to gently position cells for repeated measurements without perturbing their behavior. We describe a new method that uses a gentle secondary flow to trap and suspend single cells, including motile cells, at predictable locations in 3-D. Trapped cells can be more dense or less dense than the surrounding medium. The cells are suspended without surface contact in one of four steady streaming eddies created by audible-frequency fluid oscillation (< or =1000 Hz) in a microchannel containing a single fixed cylinder (radius = 125 microm). Comparison of measured trap locations to computations of the eddy flow show that each trap is located near the eddy center, and the location is controlled via the oscillation frequency. We use the motile phytoplankton cell (Prorocentrum micans) to experimentally measure the trapping force, which is controlled via the oscillation amplitude. Trapping forces up to 30 pN are generated while exerting moderate shear stresses (shear stresses < or = 1.5 N/m2) on the trapped cell. The magnitude of this trapping force is comparable to that of optical tweezers or dielectrophoretic traps, without requiring an external field outside the physiological range for cells (the shear stresses are comparable to those found in arterial blood flow). The unique combination of predictable 3-D positioning, insensitivity to cell and medium properties, strong adjustable trapping forces, and a gentle fluid environment makes hydrodynamic tweezers a promising new option for noncontact trapping of single cells in suspension.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Characterization of bioscoured cotton fabrics using FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and microscopy techniques.

The effects of bioscouring were investigated by characterizing the chemical and physical surface changes of cotton fabrics using a purified pectinase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis strain WSHB04-02. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total-reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed. FT-IR ATR spectroscopy provided a fast and semi-quantitative assessment of the removal of pectins and/or waxes on the cotton surface by comparing the changes in intensity of the carbonyl peak induced by HCl vapor treatment at around 1736 cm(-1). The bioscoured surface could be clearly distinguished from those of untreated and alkali-treated cotton fibers using a combination of SEM and AFM. The images produced using these techniques revealed that the surface morphography and topography of the cotton fibers were shaped by the etching action mode of pectinases during bioscouring. These findings demonstrated that AFM is a useful supplement to SEM in characterizing cotton surfaces.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed2006

Keratin 5 knockout mice reveal plasticity of keratin expression in the corneal epithelium.

We have recently demonstrated that the keratin K3 gene, which is active in the suprabasal human corneal epithelium, is missing in the genome of the mouse. We show that a normal K3 gene exists in a wide variety of mammals while in rodents the gene is converted to a pseudogene with a very strong sequence drift. The availability of K5-/- mice provides a unique opportunity to investigate type-specific keratin function during corneal differentiation in the absence of both K5 and K3. Here, we report that the deletion of K5, which in wild-type mice forms a cytoskeleton with K12, does neither cause keratin aggregation nor cytolysis in the cornea. This is due to the induction of K4 in corneal epithelial cells, normally restricted to corneal stem stem cells residing in the limbus. Using a combination of antibodies and RT-PCR, we identified additional keratins expressed in the mouse cornea including K23 which was previously thought to be specific for pancreatic carcinomas. This reflects an unexpected complexity of keratin expression in the cornea. Our data suggest that in the absence of mechanical stress, corneal differentiation does not depend on distinct keratin pairs, supporting a concept of functional redundancy, at least for certain keratins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

The alpha subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor interacts with c-Kit and inhibits c-Kit signaling.

The cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates hematopoiesis and the function of mature host defense cells through the GM-CSF receptor (GMR), which is composed of alpha (alphaGMR) and beta (betaGMR) subunits. Stem cell factor is another important hematopoietic cytokine that signals through c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, and regulates hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and erythroid development. Like other cytokine receptors, GMR and c-Kit are generally deemed as independent adaptor molecules capable of transducing cytokine-specific signals. We found that the alphaGMR directly interacts with c-Kit and that the interaction is mediated by the cytoplasmic domains. Furthermore, alphaGMR inhibited c-Kit auto-phosphorylation induced by the ligand stem cell factor. Consistent with the inhibitory effect, the expression of alphaGMR was suppressed in cells whose viability was dependent on c-Kit signaling. In contrast, the alternatively spliced alpha2 isoform of the alphaGMR could not inhibit c-Kit signaling, providing a rationale for the existence of the alpha2 isoform. Our results suggest that in addition to having the commonly appreciated roles in cytokine signal transduction, the receptors alphaGMR and c-Kit could interact to coordinate their signal initiation.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2006

A practical scoring system based upon ROC analysis for evaluating potential lymph nodes metastasis during gastric surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current preoperative N staging does not offer an accurate estimation of lymph node involvement. We establish a new scoring system for predicting N stages to guide a rational lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. METHODS: Variables correlated with N stages were selected by multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. Variables granted the different scores according to the odds ratio (OR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to generate scoring ranges from N0 to N3. The agreement between predicted N staging and actual pN classification was analyzed using kappa statistics. RESULTS: Tumor size, depth of invasion, and histological types were selected to establish the scoring system. Scores 0-4, 5-7, 8-9, and 10-13 were postulated to predict N0-3, respectively. The predicted N stage has good agreement with the actual pN classifications. The negative predictive values for N0-3 were 87.0, 86.4, 90.4, and 90.2%; the positive predictive values were 74.7, 62.8, 57.3, and 69.6%, respectively. The accuracy is 82% for N0-1, and 83.7% for N2-3. CONCLUSIONS: The new scoring system can predict the N stage of gastric cancer. With its good negative predictive value, it is possible to minimize the potential hazards of applying a more extensive lymph node dissection than necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Growth of large-area aligned molybdenum nanowires by high temperature chemical vapor deposition: synthesis, growth mechanism, and device application.

Large-area aligned Mo nanowires have been grown on stainless steel substrates by high-temperature chemical vapor deposition with the use of Mo metal. The detailed physical and chemical growth processes regarding the formation of the nanowires have been investigated using mass spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, as well as structure analysis by electron microscopy. In reference to Gibbs energy calculation, our study reveals that the growth relies on the decomposition of MoO2 vapors through condensation of its vapor at high substrate temperatures. The aligned growth is a result of competing growth with the nanowires normal to the substrate surface reaching the final growth front. The field emission measurement and the vacuum luminescent tube study show that the Mo nanowires have potential application as electron emitters.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Enhancement of pyruvate productivity in Torulopsis glabrata: Increase of NAD+ availability.

This study aimed at increasing the pyruvate productivity from a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata, by increasing the availability of NAD+. We examined two strategies for increasing availability of NAD+. To supplement nicotinic acid (NA), the precursor of NAD+; and to increase the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase integrating with addition acetaldehyde as exterior electron acceptor. The addition of 8 mg l(-1) NA to the fermentation medium resulted in a significant increase in the glucose consumption rate (48.4%) and the pyruvate concentration (29%). An ethanol-utilizing mutant WSH-13 was screened and selected after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the parent strain T. glabrata CCTCC M202019. Compared with the parent strain, the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the mutant WSH-13 increased about 110% and the mutant could utilize ethanol as the sole carbon source for growth (1.8 g l(-1) dry cell weight). When growing with glucose, the addition of 4 mg l(-1) acetaldehyde to the mutant WSH-13 culture broth led to a significant increase in the glucose consumption rate (26.3%) and pyruvate production (22.5%), but the ratio of NADH/NAD+ decreased to 0.22. Acetaldehyde did not affect the glucose and energy metabolism at high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. However, at lower DO concentration (20%), maintaining the acetaldehyde concentration in the mutant culture broth at 4 mg l(-1) caused an increased NAD+ concentration but a decreased NADH concentration. As a consequence, the pyruvate production rate, the pyruvate yield on glucose and the pyruvate concentration were 68, 44 and 45% higher, respectively, than the corresponding values of the control (without acetaldehyde). The strategy for increasing the glycolytic flux and the pyruvate productivity in T. glabrata by increasing the availability of NAD+ may provide an alternative approach to enhance the metabolites productivity in yeast.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2006

Enhanced malachite green removal from aqueous solution by citric acid modified rice straw.

In this paper, rice straw was thermochemically modified with citric acid (CA) as esterifying agent. Two introduced free carboxyl groups of esterified rice straw were further loaded with sodium ion to yield potentially biodegradable cationic sorbent. In order to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the cationic dye sorption of rice straw, the removal capacities of native and modified rice straw sorbing a cationic dye (malachite green) from aqueous solution were compared. The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g. initial pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, contact time) were investigated. For modified rice straw (MRS), the malachite green (MG) removal percentage came up to the maximum value beyond pH 4. For the 250 mg/l of MG solution, the 1.5 g/l or up of MRS could almost completely remove the dye from aqueous solution. Under the condition of 2.0 g/l sorbent used, the percentage of MG sorbed on MRS kept above 93% over a range from 100 to 500 mg/l of MG concentration. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir or Freundlich models. The sorption equilibriums were reached at about 10 h. The sorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. After chemical modification, the intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k(id)) was obviously increased. The results in this study indicated that MRS was an excellent sorbent for removal of MG from aqueous solution.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Can 29kDa rhGM-CSF expressed by silkworm pupae bioreactor bring into effect as active cytokine through orally administration?

In order to study the effect of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) as active cytokine through orally administration, we expressed hGM-CSF within silkworm pupae bioreactor. The purified rhGM-CSF named as BmrhGM-CSF is characterized as 29kDa glycoprotein, and its biological activity was measured both in vitro and in vivo. We found out BmrhGM-CSF could stimulate the colony formation of human bone marrow cells in a dose-dependent manner whether which were treated with or without gamma-ray 24h before. The ability of colony formation induced by BmrhGM-CSF is negatively correlated with gamma-ray intensity. As soon as 15min post oral administration with BmrhGM-CSF labeled with (125)I, an approximately 20kDa protein fragment was detected within mice blood by SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography. In blood sample of test mice, a protein was also recognized by anti-hGM-CSF antibody using ELISA. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that BmrhGM-CSF was detected within intestinal histiocyte. This indicated it might be absorbed into blood via intestinal microvillus. Pharmacokinetics analysis after orally administered BmrhGM-CSF in animal model of leucopenia including mice, Beagle dogs and macaques showed that: (1) BmrhGM-CSF promoted the CFU-S formation in mice spleen and the synthesis of DNA in bone marrow cells of mice; (2) BmrhGM-CSF induced bone marrow karyocyta granulocyte growth significantly in both macaques and Beagle dogs compared to the negative control group. On the 9th day of orally administration, the animal WBC significantly increased in a dose-dependant manner, in which neutrophilic granulocyte was predominant. The WBC level of dogs in high dose group was about 1.5x10(9)cells/L more than that in the negative control. And the bone marrow smear revealed that the percents of both myloblast and progranulocyte in WBC in the hGM-CSF group were obviously higher than those in the negative control. These results proved that BmrhGM-CSF, a 29kDa glycoprotein expressed by Silkworm pupae bioreactor, could bring into the effect as active cytokine through oral administration.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Targeted and shielded adenovectors for cancer therapy.

Conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) vectors are novel vectors with utility as virotherapy agents for alternative cancer therapies. These vectors have already established a broad safety record in humans and overcome some of the limitations of non-replicative adenovirus (Ad) vectors. In addition, one potential problem with these vectors, attainment of tumor or tissue selectivity has widely been addressed. However, two confounding problems limiting efficacy of these drug candidates remains. The paucity of the native Ad receptor on tumor tissues, and host humoral response due to pre-existing titers of neutralizing antibodies against the vector itself in humans have been highlighted in the clinical context. The well-characterized CRAd, AdDelta24-RGD, is infectivity enhanced, thus overcoming the lack of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and this agent is already rapidly progressing towards clinical translation. However, the perceived host humoral response potentially will limit gains seen from the infectivity enhancement and therefore a strategy to blunt immunity against the vector is required. On the basis of this caveat a novel strategy, termed shielding, has been developed in which the genetic modification of a virion capsid protein would provide uniformly shielded Ad vectors. The identification of the pIX capsid protein as an ideal locale for genetic incorporation of shielding ligands to conceal the Ad vector from pre-existing neutralizing antibodies is a major progression in the development of shielded CRAds. Preliminary data utilizing an Ad vector with HSV-TK fused to the pIX protein indicates that a shield against neutralizing antibodies can be achieved. The utility of various proteins as shielding molecules is currently being addressed. The creation of AdDelta24S-RGD, an infectivity enhanced and shielded Ad vector will provide the next step in the development of clinically and commercially feasible CRAds that can be dosed multiple times for maximum effectiveness in the fight against cancers in humans.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptors on small cell lung cancer cells with a bispecific molecule that activates polyclonal T lymphocytes.

PURPOSE: Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a growth factor for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). GRP belongs to the bombesin peptide family and has significant homology to bombesin. We constructed a bispecific molecule, OKT3xAntag2, by conjugating a monoclonal antibody OKT3 (anti-CD3) with a bombesin/GRP antagonist (Antag2) and evaluated cytotoxicity against SCLC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We tested binding of the bispecific molecule to SCLC cell lines and T cells by flow cytometry, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of SCLC cells in vitro and in a murine SCLC xenograft model. We studied SCLC apoptosis and necrosis during ADCC and the activity and cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). RESULTS: The bispecific molecule functions as a cross-linker between T cells and SCLC cells, induces T cell activation, and mediates ADCC of SCLC cells; 40% to 80% growth inhibition of SCLC cells mediated by the bispecific molecule at low effector to target cell ratios was achieved. Activation of T cells by the bispecific molecule resulted in significant increases in IFNgamma production and apoptosis and necrosis of SCLC cells associated with cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. Targeted immunotherapy with the bispecific molecule-armed human T cells significantly reduced SCLC tumor burdens in a mouse model. CONCLUSION: The bispecific molecule OKT3xAntag2 mediates growth inhibition and apoptosis of SCLC cells by activated T cells through activation and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials of this bispecific molecule through adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T cells in GRP receptor-positive tumors, such as SCLC, are warranted.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Characterizing homogeneous chemistry using well-mixed microeddies.

Well-mixed reaction volumes are often sought in engineered microchemical devices and can be an important feature of naturally occurring physicochemical processes such as pitting corrosion. Steady streaming eddies can serve as well-mixed, easily controlled microliter chemical reactors for characterizing homogeneous chemical reactions. Here, steady streaming eddies are produced by oscillating a liquid-filled cuvette around a stationary cylindrical electrode (radius 406 microm, length 1.6 cm) at audible frequencies (75 Hz). Oxidant (ferricyanide) electrochemically dosed at small rates (<or=30 nmol/s) from the cylindrical electrode accumulates to millimolar concentrations within the closed streamlines of each eddy, where it mixes and reacts with an antioxidant (vitamin C) present in the bulk solution. The composition in the eddy is controlled by varying the oxidant dosing rate and the bulk antioxidant concentration (<or=10 mM), as well as the cuvette oscillation amplitude. A simple algebraic mole balance is combined with Raman spectroscopy measurements of oxidant concentration in the eddy and bulk to determine the reaction rate law and homogeneous rate constant (45 +/- 9 M(-1) s(-1)) for the antioxidant properties of vitamin C against ferricyanide. Numerical solutions to the full Navier-Stokes equations and species continuity equations illustrate the distribution of species during the reaction and general limitations to the assumption of a well-mixed eddy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

A transcriptome anatomy of human colorectal cancers.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating databases in human genome research have enabled integrated genome-wide study on complicated diseases such as cancers. A practical approach is to mine a global transcriptome profile of disease from public database. New concepts of these diseases might emerge by landscaping this profile. METHODS: In this study, we clustered human colorectal normal mucosa (N), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), adenoma (A) and cancer (T) related expression sequence tags (EST) into UniGenes via an in-house GetUni software package and analyzed the transcriptome overview of these libraries by GOTree Machine (GOTM). Additionally, we downloaded UniGene based cDNA libraries of colon and analyzed them by Xprofiler to cross validate the efficiency of GetUni. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the expression of beta-catenin and. 7 novel genes in colorectal cancers. RESULTS: The efficiency of GetUni was successfully validated by Xprofiler and RT-PCR. Genes in library N, IBD and A were all found in library T. A total of 14,879 genes were identified with 2,355 of them having at least 2 transcripts. Differences in gene enrichment among these libraries were statistically significant in 50 signal transduction pathways and Pfam protein domains by GOTM analysis P < 0.01 Hypergeometric Test). Genes in two metabolic pathways, ribosome and glycolysis, were more enriched in the expression profiles of A and IBD than in N and T. Seven transmembrane receptor superfamily genes were typically abundant in cancers. CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancers are genetically heterogeneous. Transcription variants are common in them. Aberrations of ribosome and glycolysis pathway might be early indicators of precursor lesions in colon cancers. The electronic gene expression profile could be used to highlight the integral molecular events in colorectal cancers.

Cell Line, Tumor↗

PubMed2006

Adaptive response of Bacillus sp. F26 to hydrogen peroxide and menadione.

The adaptive and cross-protection responses to oxidants were investigated in Bacillus sp. F26. The cells were treated with sublethal concentrations of either H(2)O(2) or menadione (a superoxide-generating agent) to induce an adaptive response. The results showed that the cells treated with menadione exhibited cross-protection against, but in another case, those cells treated with H(2)O(2) did not show significant resistance to menadione. It suggests that Bacillus sp. F26 possesses two separate adaptive responses that respond to the two different kinds of oxidants. The adaptability is regarded as that which is accompanied by the inductions of some antioxidant enzymes. It was found that catalase (CAT) production was increased about 1.6-fold after treatment with 600 microM: H(2)O(2), whereas the presence of 50 microM: menadione induced CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase (GR) by 2-, 2-, 2-, and 1.6-fold, respectively. The results can be used to explain why menadione-treated cells have higher adaptability to lethal concentrations of oxidants than that of those H(2)O(2)-treated. In addition, it was found that growing Bacillus sp. F26 in high-salinity media causes it to become more resistant to H(2)O(2) and menadione stress, which may be partially due to the induction of CAT and SOD production under high NaCl concentration.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Interaction of Pin1 with Nek6 and characterization of their expression correlation in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is prevalently overexpressed in human cancers and is regarded as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target. Pin1 interacts with several proteins involved in cell cycle events in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Among them, NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A) was first identified to interact with Pin1. In this report, we found that Pin1 could interact with Nek6, one of the human NIMA-related kinases (Neks). This interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down assay, which was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation experiments, as well as immunofluorescence colocalization. We further studied Pin1 and Nek6 mRNA level in 40 pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma cases, finding significant correlations between Nek6 and Pin1 mRNA expression levels in these samples.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Total synthesis of phorboxazole B.

An efficient and highly convergent total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent phorboxazole B has been achieved. The synthetic strategy of this synthesis features: 1) a highly efficient substrate-controlled hydrogenation to construct the functionalized cis-tetrahydropyrane unit; 2) iterative crotyl addition to synthesize the segment that contains alternating hydroxyl and methyl substituents; 3) Hg(OAc)2/I2-induced cyclization to establish the cis-tetrahydropyrane moiety; 4) 1,3-asymmetric induction in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction to afford the stereogenic centers at C9 and C3; and 5) the exploration of the Still-Gennari olefination reaction to complete the macrolide ring of phorboxazoloe B.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2006

Redirection of the NADH oxidation pathway in Torulopsis glabrata leads to an enhanced pyruvate production.

This study aimed at increasing the pyruvate productivity of a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by redirecting NADH oxidation from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-production pathway (oxidative phosphorylation pathway) to non-ATP production pathway (fermentative pathway). Two respiratory-deficient mutants, RD-17 and RD-18, were screened and selected after ethidium bromide (EtBr) mutagenesis of the parent strain T. glabrata CCTCC M202019. Compared with the parent strain, cytochrome aa (3) and b in electron transfer chain (ETC) of RD-18 and cytochrome b in RD-17 were disrupted. As a consequence, the activities of key ETC enzymes of the mutant RD-18, including F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase, complex I, complex I + III, complex II + III, and complex IV, decreased by 22.2, 41.6, 53.1, 23.6, and 84.7%, respectively. With the deficiency of cytochromes in ETC, a large amount of excessive cytosolic NADH was accumulated, which hampered the further increase of the glycolytic flux. An exogenous electron acceptor, acetaldehyde, was added to the strain RD-18 culture to oxidize the excessive NADH. Compared with the parent strain, the concentration of pyruvate and the glucose consumption rate of strain RD-18 were increased by 26.5 and 17.6%, respectively, upon addition of 2.1 mM of acetaldehyde. The strategy for increasing the glycolytic flux in T. glabrata by redirecting the NADH oxidation pathway may provide an alternative approach to enhance the glycolytic flux in yeast.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗