Biomedical subjects

Jian Hou

Publications and source records attributed to Jian Hou.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Fetal hypoxia causes oocyte oxidative stress damage via the Sirt3/Sod2 pathway and can be alleviated by nicotinamide mononucleotide.

Environmental hypoxia exerts detrimental effects on the reproductive capabilities of both humans and animals. A fetal hypoxia model was established in which fetal mice were kept in a high-plateau hypoxic setting from embryonic day (E) 0 to 16.5. In our previous research, we found that fetal hypoxia exposure perturbs the methylation of imprinted genes in adult sperm and causes intergenerational placental impairments in male offspring. However, the specific impacts of fetal hypoxia on the female reproductive system, particularly regarding oocyte maturation, remain poorly understood. First, we found that fetal hypoxia mice exhibited a significant reduction in the average number of pups per litter. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome in oocytes from the hypoxic group and investigated the metabolic alterations within the follicular microenvironment. Fetal hypoxic stress contributed to cleavage and blastocyst rate reduction and induced early apoptosis and DNA damage triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress aggravation and Sirt3/Sod2 downregulation. Additionally, administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been shown to prevent oocytes from mitochondrial dysfunction and developmental impairment by increasing the expression of Sirt3/Sod2 and autophagy. The number of pups per litter in fetal hypoxia mice was reduced by 57.7% compared to the control group, while NMN intervention could restore it to 73.1% of the control group. These results indicate that fetal hypoxia exposure exerts multiple potential damages to adult female reproduction, while highlighting the clinical potential of NMN supplementation as a targeted intervention to alleviate such hypoxia-associated female reproductive impairment.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Quantile Tensor Regression for Integrative Genomic Analysis of Oesophageal Carcinoma.

Recent integrative genomic studies have increasingly exploited the tensor structure of multi-omics data to develop statistical methods that jointly model the relationship between clinical outcomes and multiple genomes. However, genomic measurements and clinical outcomes are frequently contaminated by outliers or heavy-tailed noise, necessitating robust tensor-based inference approaches. In this paper, we investigate the quantile tensor regression with an emphasis on the region selection problem. We introduce a novel estimator that integrates quantile regression for robustness with a nonconvex penalty to encourage sparsity in the tensor coefficient, thereby enabling the identification of localized genomic regions that significantly influence the clinical response. To solve the resulting optimization problem, we devise an effective algorithm tailored to the nonconvex objective and tensor architecture. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed nonconvex penalized estimator. Extensive simulations demonstrate the excellent finite-sample performance of the proposed estimator. We further illustrate the practical utility of the proposed estimator through an application to esophageal carcinoma data, providing empirical validation.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

4q loss is potentially an important genetic event in MM tumorigenesis: identification of a tumor suppressor gene regulated by promoter methylation at 4q13.3, platelet factor 4.

In this study, we have elucidated the chromosomal imbalances in the multistep pathogenesis and delineated several critical tumor suppressor gene (TSG) loci in multiple myeloma (MM). By using comparative genomic hybridization, allelotyping, and multicolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, 5 MM cell lines and bone marrow CD138+ plasma cells from 88 Chinese patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and early and advanced stages of MM were investigated. In all MGUS and MM samples, chromosome copy number abnormalities were detected. A higher number of chromosomal imbalances and specific genetic alterations are involved in MGUS to MM transition (-6q, +3p, and +1p) and MM progression (+2p and +9q). In addition to -13q, we first found high frequencies (42% to 46%) of -4q involving high percentages (70% to 74%) of clonal plasma cells in both MGUS and MM, suggesting that inactivation of TSG in this region is also a potentially critical genetic event in MM tumorigenesis. By high-resolution allelotyping, we defined a common deletion region on 4q13.3 and found that a candidate TSG, platelet factor 4, was frequently silenced by promoter hypermethylation in MM (15 of 28) and MM cell lines (5 of 5). These data have opened up a new approach in the molecular targeting therapy and provide novel insights into MM tumorigenesis.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Demecolcine-induced enucleation of sheep meiotically maturing oocytes.

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effect of demecolcine, a microtubule-disrupting reagent, on induced enucleation (IE) of sheep meiotically maturing oocytes. Immunofluorescent staining with anti-tubulin antibodies was used to examine the spindle status of the oocytes. When the oocytes with intact germinal vesicles (GV) were cultured in the medium containing various concentrations of demecolcine (0.01 to 0.4 microg.mL-1) for 20 to 22 h, the spindle microtubule organization and first polar body (PB1) extrusion were inhibited by demecolcine in a dose-dependent manner. The highest IE rate (58.1%) was from the treatment with 0.04 microg.mL-1 demecolcine. Demecolcine treatment applied after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) or at metaphase (M) yielded a PB1 extrusion rate and IE efficiency similar to the treatment applied at the onset of maturation. Analysis by immunofluorescence showed that both nonspindle microtubules and spindle microtubules were significantly disorganized by demecolcine. Combination treatment with demecolcine and cycloheximide (CHX) or 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) led to single pronuclear formation rather than PB1 extrusion. When demecolcine-treated oocytes were transferred into demecolcine-free medium, the ability to extrude PB1 was quickly restored and a 72.1% IE rate was obtained following such treatment. These results demonstrate that demecolcine can be used as a potential reagent for induced enucleation of sheep meiotically maturing oocytes and may greatly facilitate research in nuclear transfer.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Electrochemical polymerization of fluoranthene and characterization of its polymers.

A novel inherently conducting polymer, high-quality polyfluoranthene (PFA) film with electrical conductivity of 10(-2) S cm(-1), was first synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of fluoranthene in a middle strong Lewis acid-boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The oxidation potential onset of fluoranthene in this medium was measured to be only 1.07 V vs SCE, which was much lower than that in acetonitrile + 0.1 mol L(-1) tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (1.68 V vs SCE). This PFA film showed good redox activity and stability even in concentrated sulfuric acid. Moreover, the fluorescence properties of PFA were greatly improved in comparison with those of the monomer. Dedoped PFA films were partly soluble in polar solvents such as CH(2)Cl(2), acetone, tetrahedrofuran, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The structure and morphology of the polymer were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results of quantum chemistry calculations of fluoranthene monomer and (1)H NMR spectroscopy of dedoped PFA films indicated that the polymerization mainly occurred at C((3)), C((4)), C((13)), and C((14)) positions.

Electric Conductivity↗

PubMed2006

Prognostic factors for the efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a clinical study of 110 patients in China.

Thalidomide (Thal) has been used for a few years as salvage treatment for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, the response rate in Chinese patients treated with Thal has not been determined and the prognostic factors for response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) not yet well identified. This study enrolled 110 Chinese patients with MM who received either Thal alone, Thal plus dexamethasone (Thal + Dex) or Thal plus conventional chemotherapy (Thal + CC). Their laboratory and clinical parameters were retrospectively analysed. The overall RR was 63.6% (complete response rate 6.4%, partial response rate 57.3%). Patients aged < 65 years, time from diagnosis to the start of Thal treatment < 6 months or combined therapy had a significantly higher RR (p < 0.05). In univariate analysis, age < 65years predicted a longer PFS (p = 0.008). Age < 65 years, serum creatinine < 176.8 micromol L-1 and serum beta 2 microglobulin (beta2M) < 3.5 mg L-1 were associated with longer OS (p = 0.028, 0.045 and 0.019, respectively). Multi-factor analysis suggested that serum beta2M was the only independent prognostic factor for OS (p = 0.025).

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Preliminary investigation of 2-methoxyestradiol inducing differentiation of myeloma cell line CZ-1.

This study was aimed to investigate whether 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) could exert effect of inducing differentiation on myeloma cells. A myeloma cell line CZ-1 secreting lambda light chain protein was used as an object of study. The CZ-1 cell morphology was observed by Wright's staining, the CD49e expression on cell surface after treatment with 2ME2 was detected by flow cytometry, the concentration of lambda light chain protein in the supernatant was assayed by immuno-scattering turbidity method. The results showed that treatments with 0.1-0.5 micromol/L 2ME2 for 72 hours resulted in some mature morphological changes of CZ-1 cells, such as the ratio of karyoplasms going down, nucleolus reducing or disappearing, chromatin getting rougher and more compacted; the CD49e positive CZ-1 cells increased by 2ME2 with concentrations of 0.1 micromol/L to 0.5 micromol/L in a concentration-dependent manner. The statistical difference from the control group was significant; the concentration of lambda light chain protein increased from control group 29.3 +/- 2.77 microg/ml to 35.97 +/- 2.6 microg/ml (P < 0.05) after exposure to 0.1 micromol/L 2ME2 for 72 hours, and the treatment of 0.5 micromol/L 2ME2 up-regulated lambda light chain protein to 79.67 +/- 1.88 microg/ml (P < 0.01) continuously. It is concluded that 2ME2 at low-concentration can induce differentiation of the CZ-1 cells to mature, which provides a new, and safe strategy for myeloma therapy.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2006

[Prognostic analysis and assessment on the clinical staging systems of multiple myeloma--a report of 206 cases].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous disease of plasma cell tumor with poor prognosis. This study was to explore the prognostic factors of MM in China, and find the most suitable clinical staging systems. METHODS: Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out on 18 clinical and laboratory indexes from 206 MM patients. These MM patients were classified according to 4 staging systems to compare their survival status. RESULTS: Of the 206 patients, 138 were men and 68 were women, with median age of 59 years (ranged 27-90 years) and median survival time of 33 months. The 2-and 5-year survival rates were 64.7% and 33.7%. Univariate analysis identified 10 prognostic factors: age, the amount of bone marrow plasma cells, hemoglobin, platelet count, adjusted serum calcium, albumin, creatinine, beta2 microglobulin, C-reactive protein, and skeletal disease stage. Multivariate analysis showed that C-reactive protein, beta2 microglobulin, albumin, age were independent prognostic factors. Significant differences of survival period existed among the 3 groups classified according to Durie Salmon staging system and Bataille staging system as well as between group I and group II of International staging system. However, no significant difference was found among the 3 groups classified according to British Medical Research Council staging system and between group II and group III of International staging system. CONCLUSIONS: High level of C-reactive protein, high level of beta2 microglobulin, low level of albumin and old age are correlated to poor prognosis. Durie Salmon staging system and Bataille staging system are suitable for Chinese MM patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of 2-methoxyestradiol on differentiation of primary myeloma cells].

In order to investigate the differentiation-inducing effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen derivative, on CD138+ (Syndecan-1) primary myeloma cells from 7 patients with myeloma, primary myeloma cells from 7 patients were enriched by using CD138 immunomagenetic beads. The enriched CD138+ (Syndecan-1) myeloma cells treated with 0.5 micromol/L 2ME2 for 36 h and 72 hours were used to observe the differentiation changes with expression of CD49e and to quantitatively detect the light-chain secretion in the supernatants. The results indicated that 2ME2 caused morphological and immunophenotypic changes with light-chain secretion in the supernatant, and the typical features of differentiation of CD138+ (Syndecan-1) primary myeloma cells. CD138+ (Syndecan-1) myeloma cells became more and more mature in morphology, with decreased ratio of nucleus to plasma, disappearance of nucleoli, and pyknosis of chromatin. The result of detecting the expression of CD49e of CD138+ (Syndecan-1) myeloma cells showed the obvious up-regulation of CD49e expression after exposure to 2ME2 for 72 hours. Quantitative assay for light chain secretion in the supernatant of bone marrow CD138+ cells from patients showed remarkable increment at 72 hours. It is concluded that lower concentrations of 2-methoxyestradiol can induce differentiation of bone marrow CD138+ cells from multiple myeloma patients.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2005

1H NMR spectral studies on the polymerization mechanism of indole and its derivatives.

The existence of NH bond according to the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectra of polyindole and its derivatives, such as poly(5-bromoindole), poly(5-cyanoindole), poly(5-nitroindole), poly(5-methylindole), proved polymerization of high-quality polyindoles, which were electrosynthesized from middle strong Lewis acid boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) and its mixed electrolytes with additional diethyl ether, occurred at 2,3-position. The elongation of the conjugation length made the chemical shift of all the protons of polyindoles to lower field in comparison with those of monomers.

Boron↗

PubMed2005

2-Methoxyestradiol at low dose induces differentiation of myeloma cells.

Previous studies showed that 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) could suppress the proliferation of myeloma cells and induce their apoptosis. In the present study, we found that treatments with low-concentration of 2ME2 resulted in some maturing morphological changes of myeloma cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the expression of CD49e on the myeloma cells surface was significantly increased by 2ME2. Moreover, 2ME2 increased the secretion of light chain protein remarkably. Furthermore, the expressions of transcription factor XBP-1 mRNA and protein were also up-regulated. These results demonstrated that 2ME2 at low-concentration could induce differentiation of the myeloma cells, which would provide a new, safe strategy for myeloma therapy.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2005

[Effect of 2-methoxyestradiol on proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cell lines].

The objective was to explore the in vitro effects of growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen derivative, on seven myeloma cell lines NCI-H929, HS-sultan, KM3, SKO-007, CZ-1, U266 and LP-1and to observe its synergistic effects in combination with some other drugs, such as dexamethasone, As(2)O(3), thalidomide and zoledronic acid. Seven myeloma cell lines NCI-H929, HS-sultan, KM3, SKO-007, CZ-1, U266 and LP-1 were cultured at different concentrations with or without dexamethasone, As(2)O(3), thalidomide and zoledronic acid. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue assay, plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) was detected by BrdU assay, terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to determine apoptosis cells in situ. Synergistic effects of 2ME2 in combination with other drugs were judged by King's formula. The results showed that after treatment with 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 micromol/L 2ME2 at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours respectively, 2ME2 caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the cell viability. The concentration of 50% growth inhibition (IC(50)) was between (20.8 +/- 0.27) and (34.1 +/- 0.57) micromol/L. After treatment with 12 micromol/L 2ME2 within 24 hours, 2ME2 led to a progressive decline in the fraction of S-phase cells by BrdU assay, plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) declined from (30.14 +/- 4.28)% to (14.71 +/- 6.27)% (P < 0.05). After treatment with 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 micromol/L 2ME2 at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours respectively, 2ME2 can induce a dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of myeloma cell lines. The percentage of apoptosis was between 9% - 33% (P < 0.05). Q value of synergistic effects was between 1.13 to 1.43. It is concluded that 2ME2 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of myeloma cell lines and has synergistic effects with dexamethasone, As(2)O(3), thalidomide and zoledronic acid.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2005

[Effect of 2-methoxyestradiol on cell differentiation of myeloma cell line CZ-1].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differentiation induction effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen derivative on myeloma cell line CZ-1. METHODS: The changes of CZ-1 cells in morphology, expression of surface CD49e and quantity of light chain secretion in the supernatant were observed when treated with 0.1 approximately 0.5 micromol/L 2ME2 for 48 h. RESULTS: 2ME2 could induce differentiation of CZ-1 cells. The cells appeared decreased in size of nucleus, increased in cytoplasma, decreased in the ratio of nucleus to plasma, decreased in number or disappearance of nucleolus, and thickness and pyknosis of chromatin. The expression of CD49e was increased from (12.20 +/- 1.57)% to (24.80 +/- 1.26)% (P < 0.05). Light chain secretion in the supernatant was increased from (35.97 +/- 2.60) microg/ml to (79.67 +/- 1.88) microg/ml (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low concentrations of 2ME2 could induce differentiation of myeloma cell line CZ-1.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2005

[Investigation of the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol and arsenic trioxide on the apoptosis-associated gene expression profile of myeloma cells].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the apoptosis related gene expression in multiple myeloma cell line CZ-1. METHODS: Total RNA was isolated from CZ-1 cells which had been treated with 2ME2 and As2O3 at an apoptosis-inducing concentration and reverse-transcribed into a cDNA probe labeled with Bio-16-dUTP, and then hybridized it with a microarray containing up to 96 key genes involved in apoptosis. The gene expression profile of the 2ME2 and As2O3 treated CZ-1 cells were analyzed with GEArray Analyzer software. The microarray results were confirmed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: As2O3 treatment caused the alteration in the expression of 52 genes (54.2% of total genes on microarray). Among them, 42 (80.8%) were upregulated and 10 (19.2%) were downregulated. The upregulated genes were mainly involved in caspases family, P53 and ATM pathway, death effector domain family, TNF receptor family and CIDE family. 2ME2 treatment resulted in the alteration of 42 genes (43.8% of the total genes on microarray). Of them, 32 (76.2%) were downregulated and 10 (23.8%) were upregulated. The downregulated genes mainly belonged to bcl-2 family, inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAP), TRAF family, TNF ligand family, and CARD family. CONCLUSION: 2ME2 and As2O3 induce the CZ-1 cells apoptosis by different pathways. As2O3 mainly induces upregulation of proapoptotic genes, and 2ME2 downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes expression.

2-Methoxyestradiol↗

PubMed2005

[Normal mice derived from oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)].

This paper describes the use of piezo-driven micropipette for intracytoplasmic sperm injection of mice eggs. The head of fresh spermatozoa from KM (Kunming) fertile mice was individually injected into mature oocytes of hybrid mice B6D2F1. Approximately eighty three percent of sperm-injected oocytes survived, and 84.0% of them fertilized normally (extrusion of the second polar body and formation of male and female pronuclei). The eggs fertilized by sperm injection could develop in vitro to 2-cell (98% vs 94.7%), 4-cell (89.5% vs 92.1%) stages, no significantly (P > 0.05) different from embryos fertilized in vivo but there were significantly (P < 0.01) few morulae (63.8% vs 84.2%) and blastocysts (25.7% vs 68.4%) developed in vitro after further culture in vitro in the group of ICSI. When 120 embryos at the pronuclear stage were transferred to seven pseudopregnant KM female, 23.3% of the embryos (0 - 50%, depending on the host) reached the full term. Except for three that were cannibalized soon after birth, all of the young (25 pups) developed into normal and fertile adult. Here we report the first birth of mouse offspring following ICSI in China. These studies may increase understanding of the fertilization process and of how ICSI works.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Molecular mechanism of myeloma cell line differentiation induced by 2-methoxyestradiol].

OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular mechanism of differentiation induction by 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) of myeloma cell lines. METHODS: Differentiation induction effect on myeloma cell lines LP-1, CZ-1 and NCI-H929 which were incubated with 2ME2 and XBP-1, Blimp-1, pax-5 phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) was evaluated by cell morphology, CD49e expression, quantitation of light chain secretion, and the level of pax-5 and XBP-1 mRNA expression. RESULTS: 2ME2 caused morphological, immunophenotypic and the supernatant light chain secretion changes typical of differentiation in all the three myeloma cell lines. 2ME2 up-regulated the XBP-1 mRNA expression. XBP-1 and Blimp-1 ASODNs partially inhibited the differentiation of LP-1, CZ-1, NCI-H929 cells induced by 2ME2; whereas pax-5 ASODN did the contrary. After incubated with pax-5 ASODN for 72 hours, LP-1, CZ-1, NCI-H929 cells exhibited characteristic morphologic feature of differentiation. The expression of CD49e was increased statistically (P < 0.05). Light chain secretion in the supernatant was also increased statistically (P < 0.05). After incubation with Blimp-1 ASODN, the level of XBP-1 mRNA was declined, while the level of pax-5 mRNA increased. CONCLUSION: 2ME2 could induce cell differentiation and up-regulate XBP-1 mRNA expression in myeloma cell lines. Blimp-1 could help 2ME2 with inducing differentiation of myeloma cells through downregulating pax-5 mRNA and upregulating XBP-1 mRNA.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed2004

Identification and characterization of a Ca2+-dependent actin filament-severing protein from lily pollen.

It is well known that a tip-focused intracellular Ca2+ gradient and the meshwork of short actin filaments at the tip region are necessary for pollen tube growth. However, little is known about the connections between the two factors. Here, a novel Ca2+-dependent actin-binding protein with molecular mass of 41 kD from lily (Lilium davidii) pollen (LdABP41) was isolated and purified with DNase I chromatography. Our purification procedure yielded about 0.6 mg of LdABP41 with >98% purity from 10 g of lily pollen. At least two isoforms with isoelectric points of 5.8 and 6.0 were detected on two-dimensional gels. The results of N-terminal sequencing and mass-spectrometry analysis of LdABP41 showed that both isoforms shared substantial similarity with trumpet lily (Lilium longiflorum) villin and other members of the gelsolin superfamily. Negative-stained electron microscope images showed that LdABP41 severed in vitro-polymerized lily pollen F-actin into short actin filaments in a Ca2+-sensitive manner. Microinjection of the anti-LdABP41 antibody into germinated lily pollen demonstrated that the protein was required for pollen tube growth. The results of immunolocalization of the protein showed that it existed in the cytoplasm of the pollen tube, especially focused in the tip region. Our results suggest that LdABP41 belongs to the gelsolin superfamily and may play an important role in controlling actin organization in the pollen tube tip by responding to the oscillatory, tip-focused Ca2+ gradient.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

PubMed2004

Supramolecular self-assembly of inclusion complexes of a multiarm hyperbranched polyether with cyclodextrins.

A new class of crystalline inclusion complexes of a multiarm hyperbranched polyether combined with various cyclodextrins (CDs) was successfully prepared. Using self-condensing ring-opening polymerization, a kind of multiarm polyether with a hyperbranched poly(3-ethyl-3-oxetanemethanol) core and multiple linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) arms was obtained. It has been found that this kind of hyperbranched polyether can be dissolved in water. Adding alpha-CDs to the multiarm hyperbranched polyether solution, molecular recognition results in the formation of crystalline inclusion complexes based on the noncovalent interactions between the linear PEG arms of the polyether particles and the alpha-CDs. These multiarm polyether inclusion complexes have been well characterized. Interestingly, quite different from inclusion complexes of CDs and linear polymeric guests, the complexes of the multiarm hyperbranched polyether with alpha-CDs show a novel lamellar morphology. The experimental results validate that the resultant lamellar crystals have a juxtaposed structure. In addition, the formation mechanism of these inclusion complexes of a multiarm polyether with alpha-CDs has also been well described. Besides the role of displacement of associated water molecules and the presence of hydrogen bonding between CDs in channel structure CD inclusion complexes, the noncovalent intermolecular forces between CDs and polymers also play an important role in the formation of complex architectures.

Cyclodextrins↗