Biomedical subjects

Jie Tian

Publications and source records attributed to Jie Tian.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Proteomic and metabolomic profiling reveals dysregulation of immune states, mucin-type glycosylation and steroid metabolism in extramammary Paget's disease.

BACKGROUND: Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma characterized by mucin-rich Paget cells and chronic inflammation, yet its molecular basis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically characterize the proteomic and metabolomic landscape of EMPD, uncover immune heterogeneity, and identify molecular pathways underlying tumor progression and microenvironment remodeling. METHODS: We performed integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses on 92 male tumor patients and 30 healthy controls, identifying 10,217 proteins and 1466 metabolites. RESULTS: Extramammary Paget's disease lesions exhibited broad activation of inflammatory pathways. Immune profiling further uncovered substantial inflammatory heterogeneity, delineating immune-cold and immune-hot subtypes, with the latter associated with stronger invasive potential. Aberrant mucin-type glycosylation was also prominent, featuring Tn-modified MUC1 and MUC5AC accompanied by elevated GALNT7, GALNT6, GALNT4, and ST6GAL1, which correlated with inflammatory intensity. Metabolomic data demonstrated elevated levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and related intermediates in tumor tissues, indicating an androgen-enriched metabolic profile in extramammary Paget's disease. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal immune, glycoproteomic, and metabolomic pathways in extramammary Paget's disease pathogenesis and provide novel insights for molecular classification and therapeutic targeting.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Quality prediction of cell substrate using gene expression profiling.

Changes in cell culture conditions influence the metabolism of cells, which consequently affects the quality of the products that they produce, such as viral vectors, recombinant proteins, or vaccines. Currently there is no effective technique available to monitor global quality of cells in cell culture. Here we describe a new method using gene expression profiling by microarray to predict the quality of cell substrates. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells are a commonly used cell substrate in the production of biological products. We demonstrate that the yield of adenoviral vectors was lower in over-confluent 293 cells, compared to 40 or 90% confluent cells. Total RNA derived from these cells of different confluence states was reverse transcribed, labeled, and used to hybridize 10K cDNA arrays to determine biomarkers for confluence states. Phenotype scatter-plot analysis and cluster analysis were used for class discovery. Based on this approach, we identified genes that were either up-regulated or down-modulated in response to different cell confluence states. By multivariate predictive models we identified a set of 37 genes that were either down-regulated or up-regulated compared to 90% confluent cells as a predictor of cell confluence and quality of 293 cell cultures. The predictive accuracy of these models was assessed by the leave-one-out cross-validation method. The expression of selected gene predictors was validated by quantitative PCR analysis. Our results demonstrate that gene expression profiling can assess the quality of cell substrates prior to large-scale production of a biological product.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2006

A new algorithm for distorted fingerprints matching based on normalized fuzzy similarity measure.

Coping with nonlinear distortions in fingerprint matching is a challenging task. This paper proposes a novel algorithm, normalized fuzzy similarity measure (NFSM), to deal with the nonlinear distortions. The proposed algorithm has two main steps. First, the template and input fingerprints were aligned. In this process, the local topological structure matching was introduced to improve the robustness of global alignment. Second, the method NFSM was introduced to compute the similarity between the template and input fingerprints. The proposed algorithm was evaluated on fingerprints databases of FVC2004. Experimental results confirm that NFSM is a reliable and effective algorithm for fingerprint matching with nonliner distortions. The algorithm gives considerably higher matching scores compared to conventional matching algorithms for the deformed fingerprints.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

Fingerprint matching based on global comprehensive similarity.

This paper introduces a novel algorithm based on global comprehensive similarity with three steps. To describe the Euclidean space-based relative features among minutiae, we first build a minutia-simplex that contains a pair of minutiae as well as their associated textures, with its transformation-variant and invariant relative features employed for the comprehensive similarity measurement and parameter estimation, respectively. By the second step, we use the ridge-based nearest neighborhood among minutiae to represent the ridge-based relative features among minutiae. With these ridge-based relative features, minutiae are grouped according to their affinity with a ridge. The Euclidean space-based and ridge-based relative features among minutiae reinforce each other in the representation of a fingerprint. Finally, we model the relationship between transformation and the comprehensive similarity between two fingerprints in terms of histogram for initial parameter estimation. Through these steps, our experiment shows that the method mentioned above is both effective and suitable for limited memory AFIS owing to its less than 1k byte template size.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2006

A preliminary study on the monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation through the left main bronchus.

INTRODUCTION: The study sought to assess the feasibility and accuracy of measuring mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) through the left main bronchus (SpO2(trachea)) METHODS: Twenty hybrid pigs of each sex were studied. After anesthesia, a Robertshaw double-lumen tracheal tube with a single-use pediatric pulse oximeter attached to the left lateral surface was introduced toward the left main bronchus of the pig by means of a fibrobronchoscope. Measurements of SpO2(trachea) and oxygen saturation from pulmonary artery samples (SvO2(blood)) were performed with an intracuff pressure of 0 to 60 cmH2O. After equilibration, hemorrhagic shock was induced in these pigs by bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg. With the intracuff pressure maintained at 60 cmH2O, SpO2(trachea) and SvO2(blood) were obtained respectively during the pre-shock period, immediately after the onset of shock, 15 and 30 minutes after shock, and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after resuscitation. RESULTS: SpO2(trachea) was the same as SvO2(blood) at an intracuff pressure of 10, 20, 40, and 60 cmH2O, but was reduced when the intracuff pressure was zero (p < 0.001 compared with SvO2(blood)) in hemodynamically stable states. Changes of SpO2(trachea) and SvO2(blood) corresponded with varieties of cardiac output during the hemorrhagic shock period. There was a significant correlation between the two methods at different time points. CONCLUSION: Measurement of the left main bronchus SpO2 is feasible and provides similar readings to SvO2(blood) in hemodynamically stable or in low saturation states. Tracheal oximetry readings are not primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. The technique merits further evaluation.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Constructions of Gcn5 shRNAs interfere the histone acetylation modification with stem cell differentiation].

OBJECTIVE: To construct the Gcn5 shRNA plasmids and to explore the Gcn5 shRNA role in histone acetylation modification with the differentiation of stem cells. METHODS: Seven shRNA fragments were recombined into pGenesil-1 vector to form 7. Gcn5 shRNA constructions. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) induced for two weeks with 5-aza were transfected by the plasmids with lipofectamine2000. Polyclonal antibodies labeled with TRITC were used to identify the acetylation in MSCs with or without Gcn5 shRNA constructions. The efficiencies of transfection and RNAi were calculated based on the ratio of GFP (green fluorescence)/DAPI (blue fluorescence) and TRITC (red fluorescence)/DAPI, respectively. RESULTS: Seven Gcn5 shRNA plasmids or constructions were identified by restriction endonucleases Pst I/Sal I and DNA sequencing. Acetylation block was observed after Gcn5 shRNA plasmids transfected into cells. Fluorescent intensity of TRITC in nucleuses were decreased remarkably, or even disappeared in MSCs. The efficiencies of transfection and RNAi were 93.7% and 46.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Gcn5 shRNA plasmids constructed in the present study can decrease the histone acetylation during cell differentiation. It sets the basis for further exploring the role of acetylation in the regulation of cell differentiation.

Acetylation↗

PubMed2006

[Screening of differentially expressed genes in rats with cardiomyopathy after bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: Earlier studies have confirmed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can transdifferentiate into myocytes and improve heart function in 2 weeks. But the mechanism is not clear. In this study, the mechanism of improvement of heart function after transplantation of MSCs was examined with suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). METHODS: MSCs were isolated from thighone and tibia of Wistar rats, purified by adhesion-screening method, and expanded in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (at 2.5 mg/kg/time and total doses of 15 mg/kg) established cardiomyopathy models. MSCs were transplanted into cardiomyocytes. The differential genes between tester (rats with cardiomyopathy that were injected with MSCs) and driver (rats with cardiomyopathy that were injected with equivalent volume of culture medium) were screened with suppression subtractive hybridization. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) decreased by 26.48% and 40.61%, respectively (P < 0.01), as compared with those of normal group. Cardiomyopathy model was established successfully. And the heart function of the rats with cardiomyopathy was significantly improved after transplantation. Sixteen gene fragments were detected, and 12 of them were up-regulated in testers. They were rattus norvegicus mitochondrial BN/SsNHsdMCW, rattus norvegicus strain mitochondrial F344 X BN F1, rattus norvegicus mitochondrion H(+)-ATP synthase alphase subunit (Atp5al) mRNA, rattus norvegicus BHE/Cdb tRNA-Lys gene, rat mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase alpha subunit mRNA, rattus norvegic (wild-caught animal) complete mitochondrial genome, rattus norvegic clone BB.1.4.1 unknown Glu-Pro dipeptide repeat protein mRNA, Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line C DNA, rat mitochondrial ATP synthase beta subunit mRNA, rattus norvegic mitochondrial genome, rat cardiac troponin T mRNA and rat mRNA for beta-globin. Four gene fragments were down-regulated in testers. They were rat mRNA for sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase, rat mRNA for ribosomal phosphoprotein P2, rat alpha-crystallin B chain mRNA and rattus norvegicus NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase Fe-S protein 7 mRNA. CONCLUSION: The expression of the genes relating to mitochondrial synthesizing and contracting proteins synthesizing increased after MSC transplantation. The genes might enhance energy synthesis and promote MSC transdifferentiate into myocytes, and then improve heart function of rats with cardiomyopathy.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Rapid Kupffer cell death after intravenous injection of adenovirus vectors.

When adenovirus vectors are injected intravenously, they are quickly taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver. We report that this causes rapid necrosis of Kupffer cells in mice at doses of 10(11) particles/kg or higher. By 10 min after intravenous vector injection, Kupffer cells were permeable to propidium iodide and trypan blue. This coincided with a sharp rise in serum lactate dehydrogenase. Ultrastructural examination showed degeneration of Kupffer cells, including complete disappearance of chromatin by 1 h. After an initial intravenous injection of vector, dead Kupffer cells were unable to take up a second dose of vector, and hepatic transgene expression from the second dose was augmented. Death of Kupffer cells did not affect serum levels of IL-6 or IL-12. There was no immediate change in the number of Kupffer cells in the liver, but a significant decline was found by 4 h after injection of vector. Interestingly, substantial numbers of vector-containing Kupffer cells were found in pulmonary capillaries, indicating that they had been swept out of the liver. Together these results show that an intravenous injection of adenovirus vector causes synchronous and surprisingly rapid Kupffer cell death.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2005

Predictive performance of 'Diprifusor' TCI system in patients during upper abdominal surgery under propofol/fentanyl anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive performance of 'Diprifusor' TCI (target-controlled infusion) system for its better application in clinical anesthesia. METHODS: The predictive performance of a 'Diprifusor' TCI system was investigated in 27 Chinese patients (16 males and 11 females) during upper abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol/fentanyl. Measured arterial propofol concentrations were compared with the values predicted by the TCI infusion system. Performance was determined by the median performance error (MDPE), the median absolute performance error (MDAPE), the divergence (the percentage change of the absolute PE with time), and the wobble (the median absolute deviation of each PE from the MDPE). RESULTS: The median (range) values of 14.9% (-21.6%-42.9%) for MDPE, 23.3% (6.9%-62.5%) for MDAPE, -1.9% h(-1) (-32.7%-23.0% h(-1)) for divergence, and 18.9% (4.2%-59.6%) for wobble were obtained from 227 samples from all patients. For the studied population, the PE did not increase with time but with increasing target propofol concentration, particularly following induction. conclusions: The control of depth of anaesthesia was good in all patients undergoing upper abdominal surgical operation and the predictive performance of the 'Diprifusor' target controlled infusion system was considered acceptable for clinical purposes. But the relatively bigger wobble showed that the pharmacokinetic model is not so suitable and requires improvement.

Abdomen, Acute↗

PubMed2005

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma propofol concentration during total intravenous anaesthesia of patients undergoing elective intracranial tumor removal.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to compare the propofol concentration in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients scheduled for intracranial tumor removal and anaesthetized using propofol as part of a total intravenous anaesthesia technique. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (ASA I-II) scheduled for elective intracranial tumor removal were studied. Anesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol for 5 min and infused at 10 mg/(kg x h) for 5 min and then stopped. CSF and arterial blood were collected simultaneously before infusion of propofol and at different time points after infusion of propofol according to bispectral index (BIS) values. Concentrations of propofol in plasma and CSF were measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The correlation coefficient and regression equation between plasma and CSF concentration of propofol were worked out by linear simple regression. RESULTS: The propofol CSF concentration that we measured was 1.46% of the plasma concentration. The coefficient of relation between plasma and CSF concentration was 76.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The propofol CSF concentration was positively correlated with and much lower than the plasma concentration. Discrepancies may result from high plasma protein binding of propofol, intracranial pathology and sampling volume.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Effects of the polysaccharides isolated from ganoderma applanatum (PGA) on the level of PGE2 and gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and gastric mucus secretion of rats with gastric mucosa injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of the polysaccharides isolated from ganoderma applanatum (PGA) on gastric mucosal injury in rats and the underlying mechanism. METHOD: Gastric ulcer was induced by either acetic acid or pylorus ligation in the rats. The level of PGE2 and GMBF, and gastric mucus secretion were examined respectively. RESULT: After oral administration of PGA (250-1000 mg x kg(-1)) repeatedly, the level of PGE2 and GMBF were obviously increased in gastric mucosa of rats as compared with the model group. The secretions of both free mucus in stomach and mucus of gastric wall were enhanced apparently by PGA in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: PGA could strengthen gastric mucosa barrier by improving the level of PGE2, GMBF and the secretion of gastric mucus, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of PGA on the gastric mucosa during the gastric ulcer.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of systemic LPS injection on cortical NF-kappaB activity and inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in rats.

The aim of current study is to investigate the effect of systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the temporal pattern of cortical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding activity, inflammatory response and secondary damage in the injured brain following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Right parietal cortical contusion in rats was made by using weight-dropping method. The rats were randomly divided into sham, LPS, TBI and TBI-LPS groups, with LPS injected intraperitoneally. NF-kappaB binding activity, cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and brain damage were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis, respectively. The results showed that systemic administration of LPS following TBI could induce an immediate, strong and persistent upregulation of NF-kappaB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ICAM-1 in the area surrounding the injured brain. As compared with rats of sham, LPS and TBI groups, NF-kappaB binding activity, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly upregulated in the surrounding cortex of injured site as early as 3 h postinjury when challenged with LPS, kept at high level up to 7-days postinjury. ICAM-1-positive vessels and apoptotic TUNEL-positive cells in the injured brain were also significantly increased in TBI-LPS rats. It was concluded that inflammatory response and secondary brain damage occurred in the injured brain could be highly exacerbated by endotoxemia.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

A mouse optical simulation environment (MOSE) to investigate bioluminescent phenomena in the living mouse with the Monte Carlo method.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: As an important part of bioluminescence tomography, which is a newly developed optical imaging modality, mouse optical simulation environment (MOSE) is developed to simulate bioluminescent phenomena in the living mouse and to predict bioluminescent signals detectable outside the mouse. This simulator is dedicated to small animal optical imaging based on bioluminescence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With the parameters of biological tissues, bioluminescent sources, and charge coupled device (CCD) detectors, the 2-dimensional/3-dimensional MOSE simulates the whole process of the light propagation in 2-dimensional/3-dimensional biological tissues using the Monte Carlo method. Both the implementation details and the software architecture are described in this article. RESULTS: The software system is implemented in the Visual C++ programming language with the OpenGL techniques and has a user-friendly interface facilitating interactions relevant to bioluminescent imaging. The accuracy of the system is verified by comparing the MOSE results with independent data from analytic solutions and commercial software. CONCLUSION: As shown in our simulation and analysis, the MOSE is accurate, flexible, and efficient to simulate the photon propagation for bioluminescence tomography. With graduate refinements and enhancements, it is hoped that the MOSE will become a standard tool for bioluminescence tomography.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2004

Robust unsupervised segmentation of infarct lesion from diffusion tensor MR images using multiscale statistical classification and partial volume voxel reclassification.

Manual region tracing method for segmentation of infarction lesions in images from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is usually used in clinical works, but it is time consuming. A new unsupervised method has been developed, which is a multistage procedure, involving image preprocessing, calculation of tensor field and measurement of diffusion anisotropy, segmentation of infarction volume based on adaptive multiscale statistical classification (MSSC), and partial volume voxel reclassification (PVVR). The method accounts for random noise, intensity overlapping, partial volume effect (PVE), and intensity shading artifacts, which always appear in DT-MR images. The proposed method was applied to 20 patients with clinically diagnosed brain infarction by DT-MRI scans. The accuracy and reproducibility in terms of identifying the infarction lesion have been confirmed by clinical experts. This automatic segmentation method is promising not only in detecting the location and the size of infarction lesion in stroke patient but also in quantitatively analyzing diffusion anisotropy of lesion to guide clinical diagnoses and therapy.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2004

Severe pulmonary pathology after intravenous administration of vectors in cirrhotic rats.

After an intravascular injection, adenoviral vectors are normally taken up by the reticuloendothelial system in the liver, where they rapidly trigger an innate response. However, we have previously found that the biodistribution of adenoviral vectors is altered in cirrhotic rats due to the presence of pulmonary intravascular macrophages, which cause a shift in vector uptake from the liver to the lungs. We now report that this is correlated with fatal pulmonary hemorrhagic edema in cirrhotic rats. In addition, cirrhotic rats reacted to vector with enormous increases in TNF-alpha and IL-6 and markedly prolonged coagulation times. Although we also saw fatal reactions to high doses of adenoviral vectors in normal rats, the time course and symptoms were very different, and pulmonary hemorrhagic edema was seen only in cirrhotic rats. Because abnormal pulmonary reticuloendothelial uptake is known to occur in humans during cirrhosis and other diseases, there is the potential that intravascular administration of adenoviral vectors might cause lung pathology in such patients.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2004

The effects of hydroxyethyl starch on lung capillary permeability in endotoxic rats and possible mechanisms.

UNLABELLED: In this study we examined the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.5) on lung capillary permeability in endotoxic rats and explored the possible mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups treated with saline, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 6 mg/kg), LPS plus HES (3.75, 7.5, 15, or 30 mL/kg), or HES (30 mL/kg) alone for 4 or 2 h. Lung capillary permeability, lung neutrophil accumulation, expression of CD11b on the blood neutrophil cell surface, lung cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant protein level, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in blood neutrophils and lungs were measured. HES at doses of 3.75 and 7.5 mL/kg significantly reduced LPS-induced increases of lung capillary permeability. HES was found to inhibit lung neutrophil accumulation, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant protein, and NF-kappaB activation in parallel and to inhibit CD11b expression in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that HES has beneficial effects on capillary leak in acute lung injury and that the mechanisms underlying this action involve an antiinflammatory effect of HES, including inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. IMPLICATIONS: A randomized, controlled laboratory experiment indicated that hydroxyethyl starch (HES) could reduce increased lung capillary permeability in endotoxemia. This effect may be due to an antiinflammatory effect of HES.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Spontaneous healing of various types of rat tympanic membrane perforation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the spontaneous healing process of various types of rat tympanic membrane perforation, study the perforation healing mechanism. METHODS: Fifty rats were divided into five groups in randomization, and performed perforations phi = 2.5 mm, 1 mm, respectively in the center of tympanic membrane pars tensa, posterior marginal perforation (phi = 1.5 mm) in pars tensa, the handle of malleus cauterized with chromic acid after tympanic membrane 3/4 excision, and perforation (phi = 1.5 mm) in the center of pars flaccid, The histology of the perforations healing process was observed with light microscope. RESULTS: The epithelia retracted in the early stage after perforation. The epithelia near the annulus and manubrium showed hyperplasia. The epithelia hyperplasia also appeared the intact annulus region remote to the perforation. The middle connective tissue layer reacted later than the epithelial layer. The defects were closed first by the accumulation of the epithelial cells. The difference of healing time had no statistics significance between the big and small perforations. One ear perforated, but the other side intact ear appears no change. The epithelia didn't migrate into the tympanic cavity in the posterior marginal perforations. All the perforations healed after the manubriums of the malleus were damaged. Perforations in pars flaccid healed more quickly. CONCLUSIONS: The normal migration of the epithelia of the tympanic membrane played an important role in the healing of perforation. The generation center was located near tympanic annulus and manubrium of the malleus, so the protection of these two regions was very important in the middle-ear surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Epidermal stem cells in the tympanic membrane].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distributions of epithelial stem cells in the tympanic membrane and the growth characteristics of cultured epithelial cells from different region of tympanic membrane, and to establish culture techniques of stem cells in tympanic membrane. METHODS: Four young rats and four adult SD rats were used to observe normal tympanic membrane. The other 28 rats were performed 2 mm size perforations in pars tensa. These animals were sacrificed at different periods after perforation. The tympanic membranes were cut in cryostat sections for immunohistochemistry of cytokeratin 19 and integrin beta1. Thirty tympanic membranes of rats were treated with Mitomycin C to damage the mucosal surface, then divided into two parts: the annulus region and center region of pars tensa, cultured in medium with high amount of epidermal growth factor and low amount of calcium. RESULTS: The immunostaining cells of cytokeratin 19 and integrin beta1 were displayed in both the handle of malleus and annular regions, but there were no staining positive cells in the intermediate region of pars tensa. The positive cells distribution had no significant difference between adult and infancy rats. In the pars flaccid, the positive cells scattered in the basal layer. The positive cells increased after perforation in the annulus and handle of malleus region, but no immunostaining cells were found at the edge of perforation. The redouble time of the culture cells from the annulus region was shorter than the center of pars tensa. The cells adherent within 1 hour formed larger and more colonies, and contained more positive cells. CONCLUSION: The epithelial stem cells in tympanic membrane were located in both the handle of malleus and annular regions, but no stem cells could be found in the intermediate region of pars tensa. The stem cells of tympanic membrane can be simply purified according to the adherent time.

Animals↗