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Biomedical subjects

Johan Eriksson

Publications and source records attributed to Johan Eriksson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Similar frontal and distinct posterior cortical regions mediate visual and auditory perceptual awareness.

Activity in ventral visual cortex is a consistent neural correlate of visual consciousness. However, activity in this area seems insufficient to produce awareness without additional involvement of frontoparietal regions. To test the generality of the frontoparietal response, neural correlates of auditory awareness were investigated in a paradigm that previously has revealed frontoparietal activity during conscious visual perception. A within-experiment comparison showed that frontal regions were related to both visual and auditory awareness, whereas parietal activity was correlated with visual awareness and superior temporal activity with auditory awareness. These results indicate that frontal regions interact with specific posterior regions to produce awareness in different sensory modalities.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, have been shown to be increasing in the environment and in human mother's milk. We have earlier reported that lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetra-, penta-, and hexa-brominated diphenyl ethers, can cause developmental neurotoxic effects in mice. Recently, this was also observed with the full-brominated PBDE, deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209), although it was suggested that the effects were caused by a (possibly debrominated) metabolite thereof. The present study revealed that 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 203), and to a minor extent also 2,2',3,4,4',5',6'-heptabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 183) can induce developmental neurotoxic effects. Neonatal Naval Medical Research Institute male mice were exposed on postnatal day 3 or 10 to PBDE 206, PBDE 203, or PBDE 183, given as a single oral dose of 21 mumol/kg body weight. At the adult age of 2-3 months, the mice were observed for performance in a spontaneous behavior test and the Morris water maze test. PBDE 203 and PBDE 206, when administered on neonatal day 10, caused disturbances in spontaneous behavior, leading to disrupted habituation and a hyperactive condition in adults at the age of 2 months. These behavioral changes were also seen in 2-month-old mice exposed to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 3. Furthermore, exposure to PBDE 203 on neonatal day 10 affected learning and memory functions in adult mice. The developmental neurotoxic effects were most pronounced in mice exposed to PBDE 203. These developmental neurobehavioral defects were in agreement with those we observed previously with lower brominated PBDEs and with PBDE 209. It is important to consider the fact that different PBDE congeners can have differing degrees of potency, when comparing levels of PBDEs in the environment and in mother's milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Geographical variation in relationships between parental body size and offspring phenotype at birth.

BACKGROUND: Size and body proportions at birth are partly determined by maternal body composition, but most studies of mother-baby relationships have only considered the effects of maternal height and weight on offspring birth weight, and few have examined the size of effects. Paternal size and body composition also play a role, primarily through the fetal genome, although few studies have investigated relationships with neonatal phenotype. METHODS: Data from the UK, Finland, India, Sri Lanka, China, DR Congo, Nigeria and Jamaica were used to investigate the effects of maternal measures (derived at 30 weeks' gestation, n=16,418), and also paternal size (n=3,733) on neonatal phenotype, for singleton, live-born, term births. RESULTS: After accounting for variation in maternal size and shape across populations, differences in neonatal phenotype were markedly reduced. Mother-baby relationships were similar across populations, although some were stronger in developing countries. Maternal height was generally the strongest predictor of neonatal length, maternal head circumference of neonatal head and maternal skinfold thickness of neonatal skinfolds. Relationships with maternal arm muscle area were generally weak. Effects of paternal height and body mass index were weaker than the equivalent maternal measurements in most studies. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in maternal body composition account for a large part of the geographical variation in neonatal phenotype. The size of the effects of all maternal measures on neonatal phenotype suggests that nutrition at every stage of the mother's life cycle may influence fetal growth. Further research is needed into father-baby relationships and the genetic mechanisms that influence fetal growth.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Geographical variation in neonatal phenotype.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown associations between size and body proportions at birth and health outcomes throughout the life cycle, but there are few data on how neonatal phenotype varies in different populations around the world. METHODS: Data from the UK, Finland, India, Sri Lanka, China, DR Congo, Nigeria, and Jamaica (n=22,067) were used to characterize geographical differences in phenotype in singleton, live-born newborns. Measurements included birth weight, placental weight, length, head, chest, abdominal and arm circumferences, and skinfolds. RESULTS: Neonates in Europe were the largest, followed by Jamaica, East Asia (China), then Africa and South Asia. Birth weight varied widely (mean values 2,730-3,570 g), but in contrast, head circumference was similar in all except China (markedly smaller). The main difference in body proportions between populations was the head to length ratio, with small heads relative to length in China and large heads relative to length in South Asia and Africa. CONCLUSIONS: These marked geographical differences in neonatal phenotype need to be considered when investigating determinants of fetal growth, and optimal phenotype for short-term and long-term outcomes.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

Calcium:magnesium ratio in local groundwater and incidence of acute myocardial infarction among males in rural Finland.

Several epidemiologic studies have shown an association between calcium and magnesium and coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity. In this small-area study, we examined the relationship between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk and content of Ca, Mg, and chromium in local groundwater in Finnish rural areas using Bayesian modeling and geospatial data aggregated into 10 km times symbol 10 km grid cells. Data on 14,495 men 35-74 years of age with their first AMI in the years 1983, 1988, or 1993 were pooled. Geochemical data consisted of 4,300 measurements of each element in local groundwater. The median concentrations of Mg, Ca, and Cr and the Ca:Mg ratio in well water were 2.61 mg/L, 12.23 mg/L, 0.27 microg/L, and 5.39, respectively. Each 1 mg/L increment in Mg level decreased the AMI risk by 4.9%, whereas a one unit increment in the Ca:Mg ratio increased the risk by 3.1%. Ca and Cr did not show any statistically significant effect on the incidence and spatial variation of AMI. Results of this study with specific Bayesian statistical analysis support earlier findings of a protective role of Mg and low Ca:Mg ratio against coronary heart disease but do not support the earlier hypothesis of a protective role of Ca.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Birth outcome in women with previously treated breast cancer--a population-based cohort study from Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Data on birth outcome and offspring health after the appearance of breast cancer are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of adverse birth outcomes in women previously treated for invasive breast cancer compared with the general population of mothers. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Of all 2,870,932 singleton births registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry during 1973-2002, 331 first births following breast cancer surgery--with a mean time to pregnancy of 37 mo (range 7-163)--were identified using linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry. Logistic regression analysis was used. The estimates were adjusted for maternal age, parity, and year of delivery. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate infant health and mortality, delivery complications, the risk of preterm birth, and the rates of instrumental delivery and cesarean section. The large majority of births from women previously treated for breast cancer had no adverse events. However, births by women exposed to breast cancer were associated with an increased risk of delivery complications (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9), cesarean section (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7), very preterm birth (<32 wk) (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.7-6.0), and low birth weight (<1500 g) (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-5.8). A tendency towards an increased risk of malformations among the infants was seen especially in the later time period (1988-2002) (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7). CONCLUSIONS: It is reassuring that births overall were without adverse events, but our findings indicate that pregnancies in previously treated breast cancer patients should possibly be regarded as higher risk pregnancies, with consequences for their surveillance and management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Methods for synthesis of nonabromodiphenyl ethers and a chloro-nonabromodiphenyl ether.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in textiles, upholstery and electronics. They are ubiquitous contaminants in wildlife and humans. A low concentration of nonabrominated diphenyl ethers (nonaBDEs) is present in commercial DecaBDE and they are also abiotic and biotic debromination products of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). The objective of the present work was to develop methods for synthesis of the three nonaBDEs, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-206), 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-207) and 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-208), with the intention of making them available as authentic standards for analytical, toxicological and stability studies, as well as studies regarding physical-chemical properties. Two methods were developed, one based on perbromination of phenoxyanilines and the other via reductive debromination of BDE-209 by sodium borohydride followed by chromatographic separation of the three nonaBDE isomers formed. An additional nonabrominated compound, 4'-chloro-2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether (Cl-BDE-208), was also synthesized in the present work. Cl-BDE-208, prepared by the perbromination of 4-chlorodiphenyl ether, may be used as an internal standard in analysis of highly brominated diphenyl ethers. BDE-206, BDE-207, BDE-208 and Cl-BDE-208 were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, electron ionization mass spectra and by their melting points. The structures of all three nonaBDEs have been characterized previously by X-ray crystallography.

Chemistry, Organic↗
PubMed2005

Learning by doing versus learning by thinking: An fMRI study of motor and mental training.

Previous studies have documented that motor training improves performance on motor skill tasks and related this to altered functional brain activity in cerebellum, striatum, and frontal motor cortical areas. Mental training can also improve the performance on motor tasks, but the neural basis of such facilitation is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to identify neural correlates of training-related changes on a finger-tapping task. Subjects were scanned twice, 1 week apart, with fMRI while they performed two finger-tapping sequences with the left hand. In-between scans, they practiced daily on one of the sequences. Half of the participants received motor training and the other half received mental training (motor imagery). Both training procedures led to significant increases in tapping performance. This was seen for both the trained and the untrained sequence (non-specific effect), although the gain was larger for the trained sequence (sequence-specific effect). The non-specific training effect corresponded to a reduction in the number of activated areas from an extensive set of brain regions prior to training to mainly motor cortex and cerebellum after training. The sequence-specific training effect involved the supplementary motor area and the cerebellum for motor training and visual association cortex for mental training. We conclude that gains following motor and mental training are based on distinct neuroplastic changes in the brain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Genetic and environmental effects on fasting and postchallenge plasma glucose and serum insulin values in Finnish twins.

The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic and environmental effects on plasma glucose, insulin secretion, and resistance in Finnish twins. Altogether 151 randomly selected twin pairs were examined by the oral glucose tolerance test; 66 twin pairs were monozygotic and 85 like-sexed dizygotic. We estimated the intraclass correlation coefficients and variance components of genetic and environmental effects on waist circumference, plasma glucose, and serum insulin. For fasting insulin, the proportion of total variation accounted for by additive genetic effects (A) and nonshared environmental effects (E) were 43 and 57%, respectively. As to postchallenge insulin and waist circumference, A effects were stronger in female twins (51 and 70%, respectively) than male twins in whom no significant evidence for genetic variance was found. Of the variation in fasting glucose, A and E effects accounted for 45 and 55%, respectively. Of the variation in postchallenge glucose, E effects had a greater role (65%), compared with A effects (35%); A effects on pre- and postchallenge insulin levels were highly correlated (genetic correlation coefficient = 0.81). In conclusion, additive genetic effects are important for the insulin secretion, whereas nonshared environmental effects contribute strongly to peripheral insulin resistance.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

Polymorphisms in the SLC2A2 (GLUT2) gene are associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.

Impaired insulin secretion is a fundamental defect in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes regulating insulin secretion (SLC2A2 [encoding GLUT2], GCK, TCF1 [encoding HNF-1alpha], HNF4A, GIP, and GLP1R) are associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes in participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. With the exception of SLC2A2, other genes were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. All four SNPs of SLC2A2 predicted the conversion to diabetes, and rs5393 (AA genotype) increased the risk of type 2 diabetes in the entire study population by threefold (odds ratio 3.04, 95% CI 1.34-6.88, P = 0.008). The risk for type 2 diabetes in the AA genotype carriers was increased in the control group (5.56 [1.78-17.39], P = 0.003) but not in the intervention group. We conclude that the SNPs of SLC2A2 predict the conversion to diabetes in obese subjects with IGT.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Di-p-bromophenyl ether, a redetermined crystal structure derived from low-quality diffraction data.

We show that the lack of good quality data, normally essential to successful crystal structure analysis, can in part be compensated for by measuring data from several crystals and merging the resulting data sets. The crystal structure of the flame retardant di-p-bromophenyl ether, C12H8Br2O, a twofold axially symmetric molecule, has been redetermined and refined from such a merged multi-crystal diffraction data set to an acceptable conventional R factor (R1 = 0.06), a result which could not have been obtained from any one of our single-crystal diffraction data sets used alone in the normal manner.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to total and cardiovascular mortality among Finnish subjects with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Some previous studies have assessed the association between leisure-time physical activity and mortality among patients with diabetes, but the potential effect of occupational and commuting physical activity remains uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively followed up 3316 Finnish participants 25 to 74 years of age with type 2 diabetes. The association of different types of physical activity with mortality was examined with Cox proportional-hazard models. During a mean follow-up of 18.4 years, 1410 deaths were recorded, 903 of which were due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The multivariate-adjusted (age, sex, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and the 2 other types of physical activity) hazard ratios associated with light, moderate, and active work were 1.00, 0.86, and 0.60 (P(trend)<0.001) for total mortality and 1.00, 0.91, and 0.60 (P(trend)<0.001) for CVD mortality, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios associated with low, moderate, and high leisure-time physical activity were 1.00, 0.82, and 0.71 (P(trend)<0.001) for total mortality and 1.00, 0.83, and 0.67 (P(trend)=0.005) for CVD mortality, respectively. Active commuting had significant inverse associations with total and CVD mortality, but these relations were no longer significant after additional adjustment for occupational and leisure-time physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate or high levels of physical activity reduce total and CVD mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. Not only leisure-time physical activity but also occupational and commuting physical activities are important components of a healthy lifestyle among patients with diabetes.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Binding of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, aniline, and nitrobenzene to dissolved and particulate soil organic matter.

The distribution of TNT* (the sum of TNT and its degradation products), aniline, and nitrobenzene between particulate organic matter (POM), dissolved soil organic matter (DOM), and free compound was studied in controlled kinetic (with and without irradiation) and equilibrium experiments with mixtures of POM and DOM reflecting natural situations in organic rich soils. The binding of TNT* to POM was fast, independent of irradiation, and adsorption isotherms had a great linear contribution (as determined by a mixed model), indicative of a hydrophobic partitioning mechanism. The binding of TNT* to DOM was slower, strongly enhanced under nonirradiated conditions, and adsorption isotherms were highly nonlinear, indicative of a specific interaction between TNT derivatives and functional groups of DOM. Nitrobenzene was associated to both POM and DOM via hydrophobic partitioning, whereas aniline binding was dominated by specific binding to POM and DOM functional groups. On the basis of nitrobenzene and TNT* adsorption parameters determined by a mixed Langmuir + linear model, POM had 2-3 times greater density of hydrophobic moieties as compared to DOM. This difference was reflected by a greater (O + N)/C atomic ratio for DOM. The sum of C-C and C-H moieties, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the sum of aryl-C and alkyl-C, as determined by solid-state cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CP-MAS) 13C NMR, could only qualitatively account for differences in adsorption parameters. Aliphatic C was found to be more important for the hydrophobic partitioning than aromatic C. On the basis of nonlinear adsorption parameters,the density of functional groups reactive with aniline and TNT derivatives was 1.3-1.4 times greater in DOM than in POM, which was in fair agreement with 13C NMR and XPS data for the sum of carboxyl and carbonyl groups as potential sites for electrostatic and covalent bonding. We conclude that in contaminated soils characterized by continuous leaching of DOM, formation of TNT derivatives (via biotic and abiotic reductive degradation) and their preference for specific functional groups in DOM may contribute to a significant transportation of potentially toxic TNT compounds into surface waters and groundwaters.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water.

Among all brominated flame retardants in use, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been identified as being of particular environmental concern due to their global distribution and bioaccumulating properties, as observed in humans and wildlife worldwide. Still there is a need for more data on the basic characteristics of PBDEs to better understand and describe their environmental fate. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the photochemical degradation of PBDEs with different degrees of bromination. The photochemical degradation of 15 individual PBDEs substituted with 4-10 bromine atoms was studied in methanol/water (8:2) by UV light in the sunlight region. Nine of these were also studied in pure methanol, and four of the nine PBDEs were studied in tetrahydrofuran. The photochemical reaction rate decreased with decreasing number of bromine substituents in the molecule but also in some cases influenced by the PBDE substitution pattern. The reaction rate was dependent on the solvent in such a way that the reaction rate in a methanol/water solution was consistently around 1.7 times lower than in pure methanol and 2-3 times lower than in THF. The UV degradation half-life of decaBDE (T1/2 = 0.5 h) was more than 500 times shorter than the environmentally abundant congener 2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE (T1/2 = 12 d) in methanol/water. The quantum yields in the methanol/water solution ranged from 0.1 to 0.3. The photochemical reaction of decaBDE is a consecutive debromination from ten- down to six-bromine-substituted PBDEs. Products with less than six bromines were tentatively identified as brominated dibenzofurans and traces of what was indicated as methoxylated brominated dibenzofurans.

Bromine↗
PubMed2004

Dose titration of repaglinide in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.

A total of 385 drug-therapy naïve patients, with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes, were randomised into a multinational, parallel-group study to compare two strategies for dose titration of the oral hypoglycaemic agent repaglinide. Patients were allocated to either a fasting blood glucose (FBG) monitoring group with titration target 4.4-6.1 mmol/l or to a post-prandial blood glucose (PPBG) monitoring group with titration target 4.4-8.0 mmol/l. An initial titration period of up to 8 weeks was followed by a 12-week treatment period. Glycaemic control and hypoglycaemic outcomes were compared for the respective groups. HbA(1c) decreased significantly more in the FBG monitoring group by a mean of 1.38% compared to the PPBG group by a mean of 1.22% (P=0.03). The glycaemic control targets were met by fewer patients in the FBG group than in the PPBG group (57% versus 86% (P<0.001)) despite a higher mean dose of repaglinide in the FBG group. The within-patient blood glucose variability was significantly lower in the FBG group than in the PPBG group (P<0.001). In conclusion, repaglinide lowered the HbA(1c) effectively and safely in both groups and self-monitored FBG is a suitable parameter for titration of repaglinide. Whether a lower PPBG target might be as good a guide as FBG for titration of repaglinide should be addressed in a future study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Photochemical transformations of tetrabromobisphenol A and related phenols in water.

A method was developed for studies of the phototransformation at UV irradiation of aqueous solutions of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), 2,4-dichlorophenol at various pHs as well as 2-chlorophenol, 2-bromophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol and bisphenol A at pH 11. The absorbance spectra of the compounds and the emission spectra of the light-source were determined and used to calculate disappearance quantum yields of the photochemical reactions that were taking place. No major differences between the disappearance quantum yields of TBBPA and TCBPA were observed at pH 10, while the disappearance quantum yield of TriBBPA was approximately two times higher. The rate of decomposition of TBBPA was six times higher at pH 8 than at pH 6. Identification of the degradation products of TBBPA and TriBBPA, by GC-MS analysis and by comparison to synthesised reference compounds, indicated that TBBPA and TriBBPA decompose via different mechanisms. Three isopropylphenol derivatives; 4-isopropyl-2,6-dibromophenol, 4-isopropylene-2,6-dibromophenol and 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol, were identified as major degradation products of TBBPA while the major degradation product of TriBBPA was tentatively identified as 2-(2,4-cyclopentadienyl)-2-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2004

Visual consciousness: dissociating the neural correlates of perceptual transitions from sustained perception with fMRI.

To investigate the possible dichotomy between the neurophysiological bases of perceptual transitions versus sustaining a particular percept over time, an fMRI study was conducted with subjects viewing fragmented pictures. Unlike most other perceptually unstable stimuli, fragmented pictures give rise to only one perceptual transition and a continuous period of sustained perception. Earlier research is inconclusive on the subject of which anatomical regions should be attributed to what temporal aspect of perception, and the aim of the present study was to shed more light on the subject. In this study occipitotemporal and fronto-parietal regions were found to be activated for both aspects. However, regions in the medial-temporal lobe were activated specifically for transitions, whereas medial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions were activated specifically for sustained perception. These results provide further support for the theory that the initial creation of perceptual awareness and upholding perceptual awareness over time are separate processes involving different brain regions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Size at birth, the metabolic syndrome and 24-h salivary cortisol profile.

OBJECTIVE: Individual variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) function has been suggested to be important in linking small size at birth with adult cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, in particular the metabolic syndrome. Human studies have, however, so far only been performed in clinic settings, and their results have not been consistent. Our aim was to assess whether HPAA activity in everyday living circumstances is related to the metabolic syndrome and size at birth. DESIGN: Clinical birth cohort study. SUBJECTS: A total of 151 women born between 1924 and 1933 in Helsinki, Finland, with measurements at birth recorded. The subjects had previously undergone detailed clinical examinations including fasting cortisol measurement and 1 micro g ACTH1-24 and overnight 0.25 mg dexamethasone tests. MEASUREMENTS: Salivary cortisol concentration was measured during a normal 24-h period: at awakening, 15 and 30 min thereafter, at 12.00 h, 17.00 h and 22.00 h and the following morning. In addition, the following summary variables were calculated: awakening response (mean of the three awakening measurements), mean of all individual measurements, and mean, SD and contrast (a measure of blunted diurnal variability, calculated as mean of morning minus mean of 1200, 1700 and 2200) of all individual z scores. RESULTS: Salivary cortisol awakening response was correlated with serum fasting (r = 0.17; P = 0.04), ACTH1-24-stimulated (r = 0.32; P < 0.0001), and dexamethasone-suppressed (r = 0.29; P = 0.0004) cortisol concentrations. However, no salivary cortisol measurement was associated with any component of the metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, serum triglyceride, HDL cholesterol or glucose concentration, or blood pressure). Moreover, no correlation was observed between salivary cortisol and weight, length, ponderal index, or gestational age at birth. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly women, cortisol concentrations in an everyday environment do not appear to be associated with the metabolic syndrome or size at birth. We propose that detecting relationships between HPAA function, prenatal events and adult disease might require a test involving HPAA stimulation.

Aged↗