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Biomedical subjects

John Milner

Publications and source records attributed to John Milner.

7 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and the practice of dietetics.

The human genome is estimated to encode over 30,000 genes, and to be responsible for generating more than 100,000 functionally distinct proteins. Understanding the interrelationships among genes, gene products, and dietary habits is fundamental to identifying those who will benefit most from or be placed at risk by intervention strategies. Unraveling the multitude of nutrigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic patterns that arise from the ingestion of foods or their bioactive food components will not be simple but is likely to provide insights into a tailored approach to diet and health. The use of new and innovative technologies, such as microarrays, RNA interference, and nanotechnologies, will provide needed insights into molecular targets for specific bioactive food components and how they harmonize to influence individual phenotypes. Undeniably, to understand the interaction of food components and gene products, there is a need for additional research in the "omics" of nutrition. It is incumbent upon dietetics professionals to recognize that an individual's response to dietary intervention will depend on his or her genetic background and that this information may be used to promote human health and disease prevention. The objectives of this review are to acquaint nutritional professionals with terms relating to "omics," to convey the state of the science to date, to envision the possibilities for future research and technology, and to recognize the implications for clinical practice.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fat poor renal angiomyolipoma: patient, computerized tomography and histological findings.

PURPOSE: We reviewed our experience with fat poor cases of angiomyolipoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of patients with angiomyolipoma, as determined by pathological study, from 1998 to 2004 were reviewed by recording patient demographics and outcomes. Fat poor cases were defined as the failure of imaging to demonstrate fat in a lesion. Computerized tomography and histological characteristics were assessed. RESULTS: Histologically confirmed angiomyolipoma was found in 15 patients. Multiple lesions were found in 3 of 15 cases (20%). Of these 15 patients who underwent surgery 11 (73%) had unsuspected angiomyolipoma due to absent fat on computerized tomography and they underwent intervention for presumed renal cell carcinoma. Mean age +/- SD in this group was 54 +/- 15 years and 8 of 11 patients (73%) were female, of whom 4 (50%) had uterine fibroids. These lesions were found incidentally in 7 of 11 cases (64%). Operative complications developed in 2 of 11 patients (18%). Average maximal diameter on pathological evaluation was 3.2 +/- 1.3 cm (range 1.5 to 6). Nonenhanced computerized tomography was available in 7 of 11 cases, of which 3 of 7 (42%) showed hyperdense lesions and 4 of 7 (57%) showed isodense lesions. The percent of fat identified per high power field was less than 25% in 12 of 13 fat poor angiomyolipoma lesions (92%) compared to 2 of 4 classic lesions (50%) known to be angiomyolipoma before surgery (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that a general definition of fat poor angiomyolipoma should be the failure of imaging to reveal fat within a lesion, thus, making it unsuspected at surgery. A pathological definition should be less than 25% fat per high power field, which to our knowledge is a formerly undefined quantity. Not all cases are hyperdense on nonenhanced computerized tomography. These lesions cannot be reliably identified by imaging and they should be managed like all enhancing renal masses.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Nutrition and physical activity and chronic disease prevention: research strategies and recommendations.

A shortage of credible information exists on practical dietary and physical activity patterns that have potential to reverse the national obesity epidemic and reduce the risk of major cancers and other chronic diseases. Securing such information is a challenging task, and there is considerable diversity of opinion concerning related research designs and priorities. Here, we put forward some perspectives on useful methodology and infrastructure developments for progress in this important area, and we list high-priority research topics in the areas of 1) assessment of nutrient intake and energy expenditure; 2) development of intermediate outcome biomarkers; 3) enhancement of cohort and cross-cultural studies; and 4) criteria for and development of full-scale nutrition and physical activity intervention trials.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2004

Frontiers in nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics and cancer prevention.

While dietary habits continue to surface as a significant factor that may influence cancer incidence and tumor behavior, there is considerable scientific uncertainty about who will benefit most. Adequate [corrected] knowledge about how the responses depend on an individual's genetic background (nutrigenetic effects), the cumulative effects of food components on genetic expression profiles (nutritional transcriptomics and nutritional epigenomics effects), the occurrence and activity of proteins (proteomic effects) and/or the dose and temporal changes in cellular small molecular weight compounds (metabolomics effects) will [corrected] assist in identifying responders and non-responders. Expanding the information about similarities and differences in the "omic" responses across tissues will not only provide clues about specificity in response to bioactive food components but assist in the identification of surrogate tissues and biomarkers that can be used for predicting a response. Deciphering the importance of each of these potential sites of regulation will be particularly challenging but does hold promise in explaining many of the inconsistencies in the literature.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Numerical deconvolution of cDNA microarray signal: simulation study.

A computational model for simulation of the cDNA microarray experiments has been created. The simulation allows one to foresee the statistical properties of replicated experiments without actually performing them. We introduce a new concept, the so-called bio-weight, which allows for reconciliation between conflicting meanings of biological and statistical significance in microarray experiments. It is shown that, for a small sample size, the bio-weight is a more powerful criterion of the presence of a signal in microarray data as compared to the standard approach based on t test. Joint simulation of microarray and quantitative PCR data shows that the genes recovered by using the bio-weight have better chances to be confirmed by PCR than those obtained by the t test technique. We also employ extreme value considerations to derive plausible cutoff levels for hypothesis testing.

Cell Line, Tumor↗