Biomedical subjects

Jonathan Frohlich

Publications and source records attributed to Jonathan Frohlich.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Priming effects for affective vs. neutral faces.

Affective and Neutral Tasks (faces with negative or neutral content, with different lighting and orientation) requiring reaction time judgments of poser identity were administered to 32 participants. Speed and accuracy were better for the Affective than Neutral Task, consistent with literature suggesting facilitation of performance by affective content. Priming effects were significant for the Affective but not Neutral Task. An Explicit Post-Test indicated no conscious knowledge of the stimulus frequency that was associated with performance facilitation. Faster performance by female vs. male participants, and differential speeds and susceptibility to priming of different emotions were also found. Anger and shock were responded to most rapidly and accurately in several conditions, showed no gender differences, and showed significant priming for both RT and accuracy. Fear and pain were responded to least accurately, were associated with faster female than male reaction time, and the accuracy data showed a kind of reverse priming.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Gender differences in implicit and explicit memory for affective passages.

Thirty-two participants were administered 4 verbal tasks, an Implicit Affective Task, an Implicit Neutral Task, an Explicit Affective Task, and an Explicit Neutral Task. For the Implicit Tasks, participants were timed while reading passages aloud as quickly as possible, but not so quickly that they did not understand. A target verbal passage was repeated three times, and alternated with other previously unread passages. The Implicit Affective and Neutral passages had strong affective or neutral content, respectively. The Explicit Tasks were administered at the end of testing, and consisted of multiple choice questions regarding the passages. Priming effects in terms of more rapid reading speed for the target compared to non-target passages were seen for both the Implicit Affective Task and the Implicit Neutral Task. Overall reading speed was faster for the passages with neutral compared to affective content, consistent with studies of the emotional Stroop effect. For the Explicit memory tasks, overall performance was better on the items from the repeated passage, and on the Affective compared to Neutral Task. The male subjects showed greater priming for affective material than female subjects, and a greater gain than female subjects in explicit memory for affective compared to neutral material.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Affective tasks elicit material-specific memory effects in temporal lobectomy patients.

Eighteen patients who had undergone a right (9) or left (9) temporal lobectomy (RTL, LTL) including removal of the amygdala and hippocampus were evaluated. Sixteen male and sixteen female undergraduate subjects were evaluated for normative comparison. All subjects were administered Verbal (words) and Visual (faces) paired associates tasks. The present study sought to evaluate material-specific memory after temporal lobectomy, and to compare affective versus neutral memory as well. Thus, there were 4 tasks: Verbal Affective, Verbal Neutral, Visual Affective, and Visual Neutral. The material-specific effects of better Verbal memory performance by the RTL subjects compared to the LTL subjects and better Visual memory performance by the LTL subjects than the RTL subjects were only significant for the Affective tasks, and not the Neutral tasks. Perhaps adding an affective dimension to the material-specific memory tasks engaged the amygdala in addition to the other structures known to be important in memory. A strong interpretaion of the present data is made difficult by task differences and the low average IQ and possible reorganization of function that may have occurred in the patient sample.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Perception and priming of affective faces in temporal lobectomy patients.

Eighteen patients who had undergone standard anterior temporal lobectomy including removal of the amygdala and hippocampus (9 left, LTL; 9 right, RTL) were administered an Affective Task composed of faces depicting negative emotions, and a Neutral Task consisting of faces with different lighting and orientation conditions. Both tasks required judgment of poser identity and indication of decision by pressing a reaction time button. Subjects were shown a set of photos in an Exposure Phase, followed by a Test Phase in which the photos previously seen (primed) were mixed with new photos (unprimed). The LTL subjects performed better than the RTL subjects for both the RT and accuracy data in both the Neutral and Affective Tasks. The performance of the LTL subjects improved when the task had an affective component (Affective vs. Neutral Task), whereas the RTL subjects did not show this benefit. In terms of specific emotions, for the LTL group, pain was responded to most slowly and shock was the emotion responded to most quickly, and significantly more quickly than in the RTL group. Fear was the emotion responded to most slowly by the RTL group and significantly more slowly when compared to the LTL group. The only priming effect was a reverse priming for pain, such that stimuli seen before were respondedto less accurately than new stimuli; this was not related to lesion side.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Statistical analysis of hormonal influences on arousal measures in ovariectomized female mice.

In a previous article (J. Frohlich, M. Morgan, S. Ogawa, L. Burton, and D. Pfaff, 2001, Horm. Behav. 39, 39-47) an experiment to explore the structure of behavioral arousal in female mice was described. The present study extends this, to investigate the roles of thyroid hormone and estradiol in altering the statistical structure of arousal measures. Each of four groups of ovariectomized female mice was administered either thyroxine (T4), estradiol benzoate (EB), both (T4 + EB), or neither (control). They were then subjected to the same rigid protocol of tests bearing on arousal concepts used in our previous study. T4-treated mice manifested significantly increased freezing behavior relative to control mice in a fear-conditioning paradigm. When compared with EB mice, T4-treated mice evinced significantly increased acoustic startle and open-field behavior. T4 mice were also significantly more active in the open field than EB + T4-treated mice. Mice administered EB demonstrated significantly decreased acoustic startle and open-field performance than controls. Evidence for increased anxiety in the open-field test was obtained in the EB condition. Factor and cluster analysis indicated the statistical structure of arousal measures to be reasonably robust across hormonal conditions. Hormone effects on arousal components are of interest because of their likely contributions to emotional states and cognitive performance.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Hormonal and genetic influences on arousal--sexual and otherwise.

Genetic influences on lordosis, a mammalian social behavior, are amenable for study because of the relative simplicity of both stimuli and response. The neural circuit for lordosis involves a supraspinal loop, which is controlled by an estrogen- and progesterone-dependent signal from the medial hypothalamus and results in heightened sexual motivation. In turn, this involves elevated states of arousal, defined by increased sensory alertness, motor activity and emotional reactivity. Mice in which the gene encoding the alpha form of the estrogen receptor (ERalpha) has been knocked out show that ERalpha is crucial for lordosis behavior. Comparing ERalpha-, ERbeta- and double knockouts reveals that different patterns of sexual behaviors in mice require different patterns of ER activity. Understanding how hormonal and genetic effects on deep motivational and arousal processes contribute to their effects on specific sexual and aggressive behaviors pose significant challenges for mouse functional genomics.

Animals↗