Biomedical subjects

Joseph L Riley

Publications and source records attributed to Joseph L Riley.

24 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

A meta-analytic review of pain perception across the menstrual cycle.

The purpose of this article is to review the sixteen published studies that examine associations between the perception of experimentally induced pain across menstrual cycle phases of healthy females. We also performed a meta-analysis to quantitatively analyze the data and attempt to draw conclusions. The results suggest that there are relatively consistent patterns in the sensitivity to painful stimulation. These patterns are similar across stimulus modality with the exception of electrical stimulation. The magnitude of the effect was approximately 0.40 across all stimulation. For pressure stimulation, cold pressor pain, thermal heat stimulation, and ischemic muscle pain, a clear pattern emerges with the follicular phase demonstrating higher thresholds than later phases. When the effect size was pooled across studies (excluding electrical) comparisons involving the follicular phase were small to moderate (periovulatory phase, d(thr) = 0.34; luteal phase, d(thr) = 0.37; premenstrual phase, d(thr) = 0.48). The pattern of effects was similar for tolerance measures. Electrical stimulation was different than the other stimulus modalities, showing the highest thresholds for the luteal phase. When the effect size was pooled across studies for electrical stimulation, effect sizes were small to moderate (menstrual (d(thr) = -0.37), follicular d(thr) = -0.30) periovulatory d(thr) = -0.61), and premenstrual d(thr) = 0.35) phases. This paper raises several important questions, which are yet to be answered. How much and in what way does this menstrual cycle effect bias studies of female subjects participating in clinical trials? Furthermore, how should studies of clinical pain samples control for menstrual related differences in pain ratings and do they exist in clinical pain syndromes? What this paper does suggest is that the menstrual cycle effect on human pain perception is too large to ignore.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Sex differences in response to cutaneous anesthesia: a double blind randomized study.

The existing literature on experimentally induced pain indicates that there are sex differences, with females displaying greater sensitivity. In epidemiological studies, sex differences are also noted in the prevalence of a number of pain syndromes, with females reporting more severe pain, more frequent pain, and pain of longer duration. Complicating the interpretation of pain differences between men and women in clinical samples are reports of sex differences in response to pain-reducing medications. Studies in human subjects suggest that women respond better to certain opioid analgesics than men following third molar extraction, but few studies have assessed sex effects in effectiveness of topical anesthetics. The purpose of this study was to test for sex differences in response to a topical anesthetic, Lidocaine, using double blind, placebo controlled experimental methodology, in combination with a magnitude matching psychophysical protocol using a pressure algometer. The subjects were 21 female and 23 male adult volunteers. Twenty-four subjects (12 males and 12 females) were randomly assigned to the Lidocaine condition and 20 subjects were randomly assigned to the placebo control condition (9 males and 11 females). The effect size across sex for subjects in the Lidocaine treatment condition on the response bias variable was large indicating the males rated the stimuli as less painful than the females. Sex differences were not observed for discriminability in the Lidocaine treatment condition. This study did not show sex differences in the placebo condition. These results are particularly interesting in light of previous work that has shown similar pain stimuli (pressure pain) to be the stimulation most sensitive to sex differences. Results of this study suggest that the protocol employed (pressure pain stimulus with magnitude matching task) is sensitive to both anesthetic treatment and sex differences and represents an improvement in pain assessment methodology for use in experimental studies and in the clinic.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial contributions to sex-correlated differences in pain.

Sex-correlated differences in pain perception and behavior have been reported in several studies. Where such differences are found, they are most often in the direction of girls and women reporting more pain than is reported by boys and men. Although biologic, psychologic, and sociocultural factors act interdependently to influence pain responding, most efforts to explain sex-correlated differences in pain have focused on first-order biologic differences between the sexes. The current paper discusses empirical and theoretical literature addressing gender role socialization, cognitive factors, and affective factors associated with sex-correlated differences in pain. We affirm that there is convincing evidence that such psychosocial factors must be taken into account in research on sex-correlated differences in pain. We contend that the use of the dichotomous variable sex as a proxy for presumed biologic aspects of being female or male may obscure the contribution to sex-correlated differences that could be ascribed to the ways in which women and men are socialized with respect to pain perception and pain reporting.

Cognition↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnic differences and responses to pain in healthy young adults.

Ethnic disparities in pain have recently gained increasing attention; however, relatively few studies have examined ethnic differences in pain prevalence, and even fewer have addressed whether ethnic groups differ in their pain-reducing behaviors. Thus, this study investigated ethnic differences in pain prevalence and impact among healthy young African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites.(1) Also, ethnic differences in pain-reducing behaviors were explored. Undergraduate students (N = 1,037) from three ethnic groups completed a telephone survey of recent pain experiences. Groups did not differ in overall pain frequency or severity; however, more African Americans reported chest and stomach region pain, whereas more Hispanics reported pain in the legs/feet. Significant group differences regarding pain-reducing behaviors emerged. More whites utilized self-care behaviors, compared to Hispanics and African Americans. Conversely, greater numbers of African Americans and Hispanics than whites reported having prayed to relieve pain. The predictors of the total number of pain-reducing behaviors used differed across ethnic groups. For whites, pain intensity and interference were the strongest predictors of pain-reducing behaviors. For African Americans, total pain sites, as well as interference and frustration, were significantly associated with pain-reducing behaviors, while among Hispanics, worry and frustration were the strongest predictors for total pain-reducing behaviors. These results suggest potentially important ethnic differences in patterns and predictors of pain-reducing actions, and their emergence in a healthy sample suggest that ethnic differences in pain-related responses predate the development of chronic pain. These findings may have important implications for understanding ethnic differences in responses to clinical pain and for tailoring treatment approaches to eliminate disparities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Orofacial pain: patient satisfaction and delay of urgent care.

OBJECTIVE: Accomplishing the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating disparities in oral disease will require a better understanding of the patterns of health care associated with orofacial pain. This study examined factors associated with pain-related acute oral health care. METHODS: The authors used data on 698 participants in the Florida Dental Care Study, a study of oral health among dentate adults aged 45 years and older at baseline. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of the respondents reported having had at least one dental visit as the result of orofacial pain. The majority of the respondents reportedly delayed contacting a dentist for at least one day; however, there was no difference between respondents reporting pain as the initiating symptom and those with other problems. Once respondents decided that dental services were needed, those with a painful symptom were nearly twice as likely as those without pain to want to be seen immediately. Rural adults were more likely than urban adults to report having received urgent dental care for a painful symptom. When orofacial pain occurred, those who identified as non-Hispanic African American were more likely than those who identified as non-Hispanic white to delay care rather than to seek treatment immediately, and women were more likely then men. Having a pain-related oral problem was associated with significantly less satisfaction with the services provided; non-Hispanic African American respondents were less likely than non-Hispanic white respondents to report being very satisfied, and rural residents were less likely than urban residents. Furthermore, men were more likely than women to suffer with orofacial pain without receiving either scheduled dental care or an urgent visit. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to care are complex and likely to be interactive, but must be understood before the goals of Healthy People 2010 can be accomplished.

Black or African American↗

PubMedDate not supplied

2-year clinical evaluation of alternative treatments to replacement of defective amalgam restorations.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of alternative treatments for replacing defective amalgam restorations through a prospective longitudinal cohort clinical study. METHODS: Forty-five patients aged 21 through 77 (mean=56) years with 113 defective amalgam restorations, which were independently diagnosed during treatment planning, participated in the study. These patients were assigned to 5 treatment groups: repair (n=20), sealing of defective margins (n=23), refurbishing (n=23), replacement (n=23) and no-treatment (n=24). The replacement and no-treatment groups served as comparison groups and received random assignment. Two clinicians examined the restorations (n=113) prior to and after the assigned treatment and at subsequent recalls, using a modified Ryge Criteria that included marginal adaptation, anatomy, contact, post-operative sensitivity and secondary caries. RESULTS: At 1- and 2-year recalls, 79 (70%) and 74 (65%) restorations were examined. Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant differences for marginal adaptation and anatomic form for both 1- and 2- year recall exams (p<.05). The repair and replacement groups had significant differences when compared to the no-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Defective restorations that have a Bravo rating for clinical characteristics other than marginal integrity and anatomical form do not need to be immediately replaced.

Adult↗