Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Juan-Carlos Gómez.
Wild rhesus monkeys have been found to attend to causal anomalies, suggesting that they make inferences about possible and impossible physical transformations in the absence of direct relevant experience.
BACKGROUND: This study investigated safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in monotherapy compared with conventional antipsychotics in treatment of acute inpatients with schizophrenia. METHOD: This was a prospective, comparative, nonrandomized, open-label, multisite, observational study of Spanish inpatients with an acute episode of schizophrenia. Data included safety assessments with an extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) questionnaire and the report of spontaneous adverse events, plus clinical assessments with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S). A multivariate methodology was used to more adequately determine which factors can influence safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in monotherapy. RESULTS: 339 patients treated with olanzapine in monotherapy (OGm) and 385 patients treated with conventional antipsychotics (CG) were included in the analysis. Treatment-emergent EPS were significantly higher in the CG (p<0.0001). Response rate was significantly higher in the OGm (p=0.005). Logistic regression analyses revealed that the only variable significantly correlated with treatment-emergent EPS and clinical response was treatment strategy, with patients in OGm having 1.5 times the probability of obtaining a clinical response and patients in CG having 5 times the risk of developing EPS. CONCLUSION: In this naturalistic study olanzapine in monotherapy was better-tolerated and at least as effective as conventional antipsychotics.
The comparative study of infant development and animal cognition brings to cognitive science the promise of insights into the nature and origins of cognitive skills. In this article, I review a recent wave of comparative studies conducted with similar methodologies and similar theoretical frameworks on how two core components of human cognition--object permanence and gaze following--develop in different species. These comparative findings call for an integration of current competing accounts of developmental change. They further suggest that evolution has produced developmental devices capable at the same time of preserving core adaptive components, and opening themselves up to further adaptive change, not only in interaction with the external environment, but also in interaction with other co-developing cognitive systems.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 135 outpatients with schizophrenia > or =60 years of age were treated with olanzapine (n = 105) or another antipsychotic (n = 30) and followed up for 6 months. Safety measures included the recording of spontaneous adverse events and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Clinical status and effectiveness of the medications were measured using the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness and the Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scales. Quality of life was assessed by means of the Spanish version of the EuroQol. The Awad scale was applied to evaluate patients' subjective attitude towards medication. RESULTS: The incidence of overall adverse events and EPS was non-significantly lower in patients treated with olanzapine than in patients treated with other antipsychotics. The use of anticholinergic drugs was significantly lower (P = 0.04) in patients treated with olanzapine. Both groups of patients experienced similar improvements in Clinical Global Impressions-Severity and GAF scores. Non-significantly greater improvement in the acceptance of medication occurred at endpoint in olanzapine-treated patients than in control patients as measured by the Awad scale. The improvement in the EuroQol quality of life scale achieved at the end of study did not differ between both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this naturalistic study showed that olanzapine was as safe and effective as other antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of elderly patients with schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and effectiveness of olanzapine compared to typical antipsychotics in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenics in acute psychiatric inpatient wards. METHODS: Data were collected from a prospective, comparative, nonrandomized, open, observational study of 904 inpatients with schizophrenia. One hundred and fifty-eight patients fulfilled the criteria for first-episode schizophrenia, defined as (1) the International Classification of Diseases: Mental and Behavioral Disorders, 10th ed. (ICD-10) diagnosis of schizophrenia, (2) antipsychotic nai;ve, and (3) a course of illness of less than 5 years. Eighty-nine (56.3%) of these patients were assigned to the olanzapine treatment group (OLZ) and 69 (43.7%) to the control group that received treatment with conventional antipsychotics (CON). Safety was evaluated in terms of the spontaneous adverse events reported and a specific questionnaire for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Clinical status was measured by means of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Clinical response was defined as the baseline-endpoint decrease in BPRS>40% plus an endpoint BPRS<18 or an endpoint CGI</=3. RESULTS: The rate of clinical response to treatment in the OLZ was 76.7%, compared to 54.4% in the CON (chi(2)=8.48; P=.003). Olanzapine was significantly more effective than conventional antipsychotics in lowering the total BPRS score (P=.0003), as well as each of the following BPRS subscales: positive symptoms (P=.0019), negative symptoms (P<.0001), depression (P=.018), and agitation (P=.007), even after mean scores were adjusted for their baseline value and disease duration. Olanzapine also proved to be significantly superior to conventional antipsychotics in lowering mean CGI scores (P=.013). The frequency with which new EPS appeared, or previously existing ones worsened, was significantly greater in the CON than in the OLZ (55.1% vs. 13.5%; P<.001). Anticholinergics were needed more frequently in the CON than in the OLZ (58.0% vs. 6.7%; P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this observational, naturalistic study show that olanzapine is safe and effective in a nonselected sample of acute, first-episode schizophrenic inpatients.
BACKGROUND: Conventional antipsychotics although effective in treating acute psychotic and behavioural symptoms are subject to certain limitations due to the high incidence of side effects associated, mainly extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and insufficient response shown in some cases. EPS are a major factor in neuroleptic non compliance and high relapse rates among patients. This study was designed to assess the safety and effectiveness of olanzapine compared to typical antipsychotics drugs in the treatment of schizophrenic inpatients at acute psychiatric in-patient units. METHOD: Data from 904 patients schizophrenic patients (F20 of ICD10, WHO) were collected in this prospective, comparative, non-randomized, open and observational study. Patients were followed during their entire hospital stay. Safety was assessed through the collection of spontaneous adverse events and a specific extrapyramidal symptoms questionnaire (EPS). Clinical status was measured through the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S), Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI) and the Nursing Observational Scale for In-patient Evaluation (NOSIE). RESULTS: A total of 483 patients received olanzapine (olanzapine group, OG), and 421 received typical antipsychotics (control group, CG). Treatment emergent EPS, or worsening of previous EPS were statistically significantly higher in the CG (P=0.001). Responder rate was statistically greater in the OG (P<0.001). Mean change in BPRS-total, BPRS-negative, BPRS-agitation subscales and PGI was significantly higher in the OG (P<0.001). Mean decrease in CGI, BPRS positive and BPRS depression sub-scales was also significantly lower (P< or =0.05). Mean change in the NOSIE scale was similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine has been shown to be better tolerated in comparison with conventional antipsychotics in a large unselected sample of acutely psychotic schizophrenic in-patients. Its effectiveness may be greater than that of conventional antipsychotics.