Biomedical subjects

June Machover Reinisch

Publications and source records attributed to June Machover Reinisch.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Associations between volume of alcohol consumption and social status, intelligence, and personality in a sample of young adult Danes.

Relatively few studies have investigated associations between volume of alcohol consumption and psychological characteristics in normal samples. A sub-sample, comprising 363 men and 331 women between 29 and 34 years of age, was selected from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort on the basis of perinatal records. The sample was divided into four consumption categories: abstainers (including occasional drinkers), light, moderate, and risk drinkers. ANOVA and relevant contrasts were used to test the significance of differences among consumption categories. Both abstaining and risk drinking were associated with low social status family background, low education and intelligence. Abstaining was associated with low disinhibition and social recognition scores, while risk drinking was associated with high neuroticism and, in males, high disinhibition, low social recognition, and low achievement scores. Compared with light drinkers, a more "carefree" life orientation characterized male moderate drinkers, while relatively high scores on anxiety, dysthymia, and somatoform symptom scales characterized female moderate drinkers.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and adult intelligence in male offspring.

An association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and cognitive and behavioural development has been observed in several studies, but potential effects of maternal smoking on offspring adult intelligence have not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to investigate a potential association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring intelligence in young adulthood. Adult intelligence was assessed at the mean age of 18.7 years by a military draft board intelligence test (Borge Priens Prove) for 3044 singleton males from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort with information regarding maternal smoking during the third trimester coded into five categories (about 50% of the mothers were smokers). The following potential confounders were included as covariates in multivariable analyses: parental social status and education, single mother status, mother's height and age, number of pregnancies, and gestational age. In separate analyses, birthweight and length were also included as covariates. Maternal cigarette smoking during the third trimester, adjusted for the seven covariates, showed a negative association with offspring adult intelligence (P=0.0001). The mean difference between the no-smoking and the heaviest smoking category amounted to 0.41 standard deviation, corresponding to an IQ difference of 6.2 points [95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.68]. The association remained significant when further adjusted for birthweight and length (P=0.007). Both unadjusted and adjusted means suggested a dose-response relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adult intelligence. When subjects with missing data were excluded, essentially the same results were obtained in the reduced sample (n=1829). These results suggest that smoking during pregnancy may have long-term negative consequences on offspring adult intelligence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

IQ and mental disorder in young men.

BACKGROUND: Most research investigating the relationship between IQ and risk of mental disorder has focused on schizophrenia. AIMS: To illuminate the relationship between IQ test scores in early adulthood and various mental disorders. METHOD: For 3289 men from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort, military IQ test scores and information on psychiatric hospitalisation were available. We identified 350 men in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, and compared the mean IQ test scores of nine diagnostic categories with the mean scores of 2939 unregistered cohort controls. RESULTS: Schizophrenia and related disorders, other psychotic disorders, adjustment, personality, alcohol and substance-use-related disorders were significantly associated with low IQ scores, but this association remained significant for the four non-psychotic disorders only when adjusting for comorbid diagnoses. For most diagnostic categories, test scores were positively associated with the length of the interval between testing and first admission. ICD mood disorders as well as neuroses and related disorders were not significantly associated with low IQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: Low IQ may be a consequence of mental disease or a causal factor in psychotic and non-psychotic disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Breast feeding and intelligence].

INTRODUCTION: In several studies a positive association between breastfeeding and intellectual development in childhood has been suggested. However, the association between breastfeeding and adult intelligence is unknown, and the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study based on the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort. A mixed-sex sample comprising 973 individuals with a mean age of 27.2 years was assessed with a clinical intelligence test (WAIS) and an all-male sample comprising 2280 individuals was assessed with a military intelligence test (BPP) at the mean age of 18.7 years. Based upon duration of breastfeeding, the samples were divided into five categories. Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates: Parental social status and education, single mother status, mother's height, age, weight gain during pregnancy, and cigarette consumption during the third trimester, number of pregnancies, estimated gestational age, birth weight, birth length, and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on both the verbal and performance parts of the WAIS. With regression adjustment for potential confounding factors, the full scale IQs were 99.4, 101.7, 102.3, 106.0, and 104.0 for breastfeeding durations of < or = 1 month, 2-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-9 months, and > 9 months (p = 0.003). The corresponding mean scores for the BPP were 38.0, 39.2, 39.9, 40.1, and 40.1 (p = 0.01). Thus, the mean test scores suggested a dose-response relationship for breastfeeding during the first nine months of life and adult intelligence. DISCUSSION: Independent of a wide range of possible confounding factors, a significant positive association between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence was observed in two independent samples of young adults, assessed with two different intelligence tests. Although duration of breastfeeding may correlate with maternal intelligence and with the quality of mother-child interaction, these findings suggest that nutrients in breastmilk may have long-term positive effects on cognitive and intellectual development.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

IQ stability: the relation between child and young adult intelligence test scores in low-birthweight samples.

The stability of IQ from childhood to adulthood in low-birthweight subjects was measured in two independent samples with follow-up intervals of approximately 14 and 9.5 years. In both samples, intelligence was assessed with the WISC at a mean age of 9.5. Twenty-six subjects were retested with the WAIS at a mean age of 23.5, and 78 subjects with the BPP (the Danish Military Draft Board Intelligence Test) at the age of 19.1. Both samples obtained childhood and adult test scores below the expected means. For the Wechsler Verbal, Performance and Full-Scale IQs, the stability quotients were 0.86, 0.86, and 0.89 in the WAIS sample, and the retest correlations for the three IQs with the BPP score were 0.66, 0.65, and 0.74. Thus, the majority of children showed stable patterns of intellectual development from middle childhood to young adulthood.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence.

CONTEXT: A number of studies suggest a positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. However, the only previous study that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence in adults had several methodological shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between duration of infant breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in a sample of 973 men and women and a sample of 2280 men, all of whom were born in Copenhagen, Denmark, between October 1959 and December 1961. The samples were divided into 5 categories based on duration of breastfeeding, as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a 1-year examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence, assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) at a mean age of 27.2 years in the mixed-sex sample and the Børge Priens Prøve (BPP) test at a mean age of 18.7 years in the all-male sample. Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates: parental social status and education; single mother status; mother's height, age, and weight gain during pregnancy and cigarette consumption during the third trimester; number of pregnancies; estimated gestational age; birth weight; birth length; and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale WAIS IQs. With regression adjustment for potential confounding factors, the mean Full Scale WAIS IQs were 99.4, 101.7, 102.3, 106.0, and 104.0 for breastfeeding durations of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 9 months, and more than 9 months, respectively (P =.003 for overall F test). The corresponding mean scores on the BPP were 38.0, 39.2, 39.9, 40.1, and 40.1 (P =.01 for overall F test). CONCLUSION: Independent of a wide range of possible confounding factors, a significant positive association between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence was observed in 2 independent samples of young adults, assessed with 2 different intelligence tests.

Adult↗