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Biomedical subjects

K A Doyle

Publications and source records attributed to K A Doyle.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Quarantine of aquatic animals in Australia.

Australia is free from many significant diseases of aquatic animals. Quarantine policies for aquatic animals and aquatic animal products are designed to meet the international trade obligations of Australia, while preventing the entry of pests and diseases. These policies are supported by measures to prevent the introduction of aquatic species which would have deleterious effects on the environment. The Australian approach to quarantine--utilising objective risk analysis, where possible--is more difficult to apply to aquatic species than to terrestrial animals, as it is hard to identify and quantify risks when much of the relevant disease and epidemiological information is unavailable. Other than ornamental fish, for which stringent quarantine restrictions apply, involving isolation in quarantine premises, there have been no commercial importations of live aquatic species into Australia over the past decade. The onerous requirements for detailed analysis of disease risks and environmental implications have tended to deter potential importers. For many years, specific controls--based on risk analysis--have also been placed on the importation of products such as oysters in the shell, salmonid products, and feeds and meals of aquatic animal origin. A major review of quarantine requirements has been commissioned.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Quarantine requirements for the importation of black rhinoceros from Zimbabwe into Australia.

The proposal by the Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales to import 10 southern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) from Zimbabwe as part of an international project for conservation of the species presented the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) with a unique challenge. This importation is, at least in the modern era, the first importation of live herbivores from the African continent. Many of the serious animal diseases in the world are endemic in parts of Africa. Knowledge of which of these diseases infect wild species and may be transmitted from the wild species to domesticated species, is limited. This paper describes the strategies adopted by AQIS to facilitate the importation of rhinoceros while maintaining protection of Australian consumers, rural industries, domestic livestock and fauna against the entry and spread of unwanted pests and diseases.

African Horse Sickness↗
PubMed1995

Models used in Australia in risk assessments for veterinary biologicals.

In Australia, the development of models for risk assessment in the field of veterinary biologicals is based on the chapter on "Import risk analysis' in the Office International des Epizooties International Animal Health Code. The development process involves examination of the following: country factor (source of the product), commodity factor, nature of the product, potential to carry contaminating organisms, end-use, risk reduction features of the manufacture or nature of the product (e.g. inactivation or extraction techniques, dilution). Finally, the Australian risk model and quarantine process carefully examine the risk of domestic exposure. Consideration goes beyond potential in vivo or in vitro use of the product and encompasses the wider potential for access to animals (domestic and farm, native and feral) after arrival in Australia. Practice involves the limitation of certain agents to appropriate biocontainment facilities, or--where therapeutic or immunotherapeutic use is planned--continuous assessment of the production systems of the manufacturing company. These assessments are developed into templates or precedents which may be re-used to lend consistency and security to the manufacturing process. Australian practice and assessment recognise the wide variety of biologicals and the number of diseases which they can potentially introduce. The author examines several types of biologicals and emerging threats, including that presented by bovine spongiform encephalopathy. This paper complements the paper by J. Owusu in this issue of the Scientific and Technical Review, which addresses, in particular, the assessment of vaccines in Australia. The National Registration Authority plays a specific role which is complementary to that of the other quarantine authorities. Attitudes to risk assessment in Australia derive from the freedom of this country from many diseases, from the potential for inoculation of imported biologicals into animals with direct transmission of contaminants, and from the difficulty of identifying the original source country in many cases (due to the freedom of movement of many biologicals, particularly the substrates of many immunobiologicals).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Present systems and future needs for risk assessment of veterinary biologicals in Australia: the perspective of the regulator.

The increasing range and complexity of biologicals, and the greater demand for these products, have resulted in a greater volume of trade in animal-based biological material. This has given rise, in turn, to many approaches to the regulation of importation of these materials, as countries seek protection against the introduction of disease. Harmonization of these regulatory approaches would contribute significantly to the availability of veterinary biologicals, to their manufacture and trade, and to disease security. Australia has developed systems for the categorisation and evaluation of biologicals, control by import permits, and specific procedures at point-of-entry and in institutions where these products are used. Computerised records and precedents assist in evaluation and in the issuing of permits. Recognition that some materials must be subject to further control has led to a system of registration of institutions based on levels of biosecurity, and approved use and disposal programmes. Institutions vary from high-security animal health laboratories to human in vitro fertilisation clinics, which use animal-derived media and materials. Such institutions are regulated through quality assurance contracts. Quarantine authorities have linkages with other agencies which have an interest in these products. These linkages reflect the administrative structures of government in Australia, and provide for management of all forms of risk. The author describes these systems and overviews their biological basis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Vaginal birth after cesarean or repeat cesarean section: medical risks or social realities?

Despite the known medical safety and success of vaginal birth after cesarean section, rates of planned repeat cesarean sections remain high. The process involved in women's decisions to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section or repeat cesarean section was investigated by a questionnaire study at a private and a public hospital. Women were questioned regarding timing, influence of others, reasons for their choice, satisfaction with the decision, etc. Results from 160 respondents showed that over half the women identified themselves as the primary decision maker. Physicians exerted more influence on the decisions of patients at the public hospital than on the patients at the private hospital. Overall, social exigencies appeared to play a more important role than an assessment of the medical risks in making these decisions.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An allergy to local anesthetics? The consequences of a misdiagnosis.

In this case, inappropriately labeling the child as "allergic to local anesthetics", resulted in her inability to receive appropriate dental care. It was a major disservice to her and led to the potentially serious consequences of neglecting the dental disease present. The small caries lesions that would have required amalgam restorations at five years of age progressed to painful toothaches requiring stainless steel crowns and pulpal treatment. Although adverse reactions to local anesthetics are uncommon, most dentists can anticipate encountering a patient who will have an adverse reaction to a local anesthetic. This case ilustrates the need for dentists to be knowledgeable regarding the signs and symptoms of the potential adverse reactions and their appropriate management. Most importantly, prevention is based upon knowledge of anatomy, dose determination, and the use of proper armamentarium and technique, which are key factors in making a safe and effective drug even safer.

Anesthesia, Dental↗